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Thomas E, Lee JS, Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani H, Nazari A, Li Y, Yang Y, Green MD, Lind ML. Zwitterionic Copolymers for Anti-Scaling Applications in Simulated Spaceflight Wastewater Scenarios. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18462-18471. [PMID: 37273630 PMCID: PMC10233662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water reclamation in spaceflight applications, such as those encountered on the International Space Station (ISS), requires complex engineering solutions to ensure maximum water recovery. Current vapor compression distillation (VCD) technologies are effective but produce highly concentrated brines and often cause scaling within a separation system. This work evaluates initial steps toward integrating pervaporation, a membrane separation process, as a brine management strategy for ISS wastewaters. Pervaporation performs separations driven by a chemical potential difference across the membrane created by either a sweep gas or a vacuum pull. Pervaporation membranes, as with most membrane processes, can be subject to scaling. Therefore, this work studies the anti-scaling properties of zwitterions (polymeric molecules with covalently tethered positive and negative ions) coated onto sulfonated pentablock terpolymer block polymer (Nexar) pervaporation membrane surfaces. We report a method for applying zwitterions to the surface of pervaporation membranes and the effect on performance parameters such as flux and scaling resistance. Membranes with zwitterions had up to 53% reduction in permeance but reduced scaling. The highest amount of scaling occurred in the samples exposed to calcium chloride, and uncoated membranes had weight percent increases as high as 1617 ± 241%, whereas zwitterion-coated membranes experienced only about 317 ± 87% weight increase in the presence of the same scalant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth
R. Thomas
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- NSF
Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water
Treatment, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jae Sang Lee
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Ani Nazari
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yusi Li
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- NSF
Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water
Treatment, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Matthew D. Green
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mary Laura Lind
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- NSF
Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water
Treatment, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Grim BJ, Green MD. Thermodynamics and Structure‐Property Relationships of Charged Block Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Grim
- Chemical Engineering School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287
| | - Matthew D. Green
- Chemical Engineering School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287
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3
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Wang F, Zheng T, Wang P, Chen M, Wang Z, Jiang H, Ma J. Enhanced Water Permeability and Antifouling Property of Coffee-Ring-Textured Polyamide Membranes by In Situ Incorporation of a Zwitterionic Metal-Organic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5324-5334. [PMID: 33728905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the polyamide structure is critically important for the reverse-osmosis performance of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes in the field of water reuse and desalination. Herein, zwitterionic nanoparticles of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PZ@ZIF-8) were fabricated and incorporated into the polyamide active layer through the interfacial polymerization method. A hydrophilic, zwitterionic coffee-ring structure was formed on the surface of polyamide thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes due to the adjusted diffusion rate of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) from the aqueous phase into the organic phase during the interfacial polymerization process. Surface characterization demonstrated that the coffee-ring structure increased the amounts of water transport channels on the membrane surface and the intrinsic pores of PZ@ZIF-8 maintained the salt rejection. Antifouling and bactericidal activities of TFN membranes were enhanced remarkably owing to the bacterial-"defending" and bacterial-"attacking" behaviors of hydrophilic and zwitterionic groups from PZ@ZIF-8 nanoparticles. This work would provide a promising method for the application of MOFs to enhance the bio-/organic-fouling resistance of TFN membranes with high water permeation and salt rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Mansheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haicheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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4
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Enhancing the antifouling properties of a PVDF membrane for protein separation by grafting branch-like zwitterions via a novel amphiphilic SMA-HEA linker. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Lee WJ, Goh PS, Lau WJ, Ismail AF, Hilal N. Green Approaches for Sustainable Development of Liquid Separation Membrane. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:235. [PMID: 33806115 PMCID: PMC8064480 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water constitutes one of the basic necessities of life. Around 71% of the Earth is covered by water, however, not all of it is readily available as fresh water for daily consumption. Fresh water scarcity is a chronic issue which poses a threat to all living things on Earth. Seawater, as a natural resource abundantly available all around the world, is a potential water source to fulfil the increasing water demand. Climate-independent seawater desalination has been touted as a crucial alternative to provide fresh water. While the membrane-based desalination process continues to dominate the global desalination market, the currently employed membrane fabrication materials and processes inevitably bring adverse impacts to the environment. This review aims to elucidate and provide a comprehensive outlook of the recent efforts based on greener approaches used for desalination membrane fabrication, which paves the way towards achieving sustainable and eco-friendly processes. Membrane fabrication using green chemistry effectively minimizes the generation of hazardous compounds during membrane preparation. The future trends and recommendations which could potentially be beneficial for researchers in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Lee
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johore, Malaysia; (W.J.L.); (W.J.L.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johore, Malaysia; (W.J.L.); (W.J.L.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johore, Malaysia; (W.J.L.); (W.J.L.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johore, Malaysia; (W.J.L.); (W.J.L.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Nidal Hilal
- Water Research Centre, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Marina District, Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Failure of sulfobetaine methacrylate as antifouling material for steam-sterilized membranes and a potential alternative. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Rajput A, Raj SK, Lebedeva OV, Chesnokova AN, Raskulova TV, Kulshrestha V. Functionalized carbon dots composite cation exchange membranes: Improved electrochemical performance and salt removal efficiency. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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8
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Wang Z, Chen P, Liu Y, Guo H, Sun N, Cai Q, Yu Y, Zhao F. Exploration of antifouling zwitterionic polyimide ultrafiltration membrane based on novel aromatic diamine monomer. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Jesmer AH, Wylie RG. Controlling Experimental Parameters to Improve Characterization of Biomaterial Fouling. Front Chem 2020; 8:604236. [PMID: 33363113 PMCID: PMC7759637 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.604236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled protein adsorption and cell binding to biomaterial surfaces may lead to degradation, implant failure, infection, and deleterious inflammatory and immune responses. The accurate characterization of biofouling is therefore crucial for the optimization of biomaterials and devices that interface with complex biological environments composed of macromolecules, fluids, and cells. Currently, a diverse array of experimental conditions and characterization techniques are utilized, making it difficult to compare reported fouling values between similar or different biomaterials. This review aims to help scientists and engineers appreciate current limitations and conduct fouling experiments to facilitate the comparison of reported values and expedite the development of low-fouling materials. Recent advancements in the understanding of protein-interface interactions and fouling variability due to experiment conditions will be highlighted to discuss protein adsorption and cell adhesion and activation on biomaterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan G. Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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10
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Case studies of clinical hemodialysis membranes: influences of membrane morphology and biocompatibility on uremic blood-membrane interactions and inflammatory biomarkers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14808. [PMID: 32908160 PMCID: PMC7481195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) patients depend on hemodialysis (HD) as a life-sustaining treatment, but HD membrane properties play a critical role in blood activation during HD and can lead to severe patient outcomes. This study reports on a series of investigations on the common clinical HD membranes available in Canadian hospitals to explore the key reasons behind their susceptibility to blood activation and unstable cytokine. Clinical HD membranes composed of cellulose triacetate (CTA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone: polyarylethersulfone (PAES: PVP) were thoroughly characterized in terms of morphology and chemical composition. Membrane-surface interactions with uremic blood samples after HD treatment were probed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques in order to understand changes in chemistry on membrane fibers. In addition, as part of this innovative study, we utilized Molecular Modeling Docking to examine the interactions of human blood proteins and membrane models to gain an in-depth understanding of functional group types responsible for perceived interactions. In-vitro adsorption of fibrinogen on different clinical HD membranes was compared at similar clinical operating conditions. Samples were collected from dialysis patients to ascertain the extent of inflammatory biomarkers released, before, during (30 and 90 min) and after dialysis (4 h). Collected blood samples were analyzed using Luminex assays for the inflammatory biomarkers of Serpin/Antithrombin-III, Properdin, C5a, 1L-1α, 1L-1β, TNF-α, IL6, and vWF. We have likewise incubated uremic blood in vitro with the two membrane materials to determine the impact that membrane materials pose in favor of activation away from the hydrodynamics influences. The results of our morphological, chemical, spectroscopic, and in vitro incubation analyses indicate that CTA membranes have a smoother surface and higher biocompatibility than PAES: PVP membranes, however, it has smaller pore size distribution, which results in poor clearance of a broad spectrum of uremic toxins. However, the rougher surface and greater hydrophilicity of PAES: PVP membranes increases red blood cell rupture at the membrane surface, which promotes protein adsorption and biochemical cascade reactions. Molecular docking studies indicate sulfone functional groups play an important role in the adsorption of proteins and receptors. PAES: PVP membranes result in slower but greater adsorption of fibrinogen, but are more likely to experience reversible and irreversible fouling as well as backfiltration. Our major finding is that a single dialysis session, even with a more biocompatible membrane such as CTA, increases the levels of complement and inflammation factors, but to a milder extent than dialysis with a PAES membrane.
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11
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Enhancement of the Fouling Resistance of Zwitterion Coated Ceramic Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090210. [PMID: 32872489 PMCID: PMC7557540 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic membranes suffer from rapid permeability loss during filtration of organic matter due to their fouling propensity. To address this problem, iron oxide ultrafiltration membranes were coated with poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA), a superhydrophilic zwitterionic polymer. The ceramic-organic hybrid membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry (OP). Membranes with and without polySBMA coating were subjected to fouling with bovine serum albumin solution. Hydraulic cleaning was significantly more effective for the coated membrane than for the non-coated one, as 56%, 66%, and 100% of the fouling was removed for the first, second, and third filtration cycle, respectively. Therefore, we can highlight the improved cleaning due to an increased fouling reversibility. Although some loss of polymer during operation was detected, it did not affect the improved behavior of the tested membranes.
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12
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Liu P, Niu W, Wang L, Wan T. Influence of casting solution formula on the performance of novel polyacrylonitrile/polysulfone blend ultrafiltration membrane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Wang J, Qiu M, He C. A zwitterionic polymer/PES membrane for enhanced antifouling performance and promoting hemocompatibility. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Enhanced anti–protein fouling of PVDF membrane via hydrophobic–hydrophobic adsorption of styrene–terminated amphiphilic linker. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Improving the perm-selectivity and anti-fouling property of UF membrane through the micro-phase separation of PSf-b-PEG block copolymers. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Sevinis Ozbulut EB, Seven S, Bilge K, Akkas T, Tas CE, Yildiz B, Atilgan C, Menceloglu YZ, Unal S. Blends of highly branched and linear poly(arylene ether sulfone)s: Multiscale effect of the degree of branching on the morphology and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Lin B, Tan H, Liu W, Gao C, Pan Q. Preparation of a novel zwitterionic striped surface thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane with excellent salt separation performance and antifouling property. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16168-16178. [PMID: 35493633 PMCID: PMC9052886 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were fabricated via the co-deposition of taurine, tannic acid (TA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), followed by subsequent interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on the surface of the polysulfone ultrafiltration substrates. The surface properties, including the roughness, hydrophilicity, surface potential, and NF performances were facilely tuned by varying the taurine content for the prepared TFC membranes. In addition, the as-prepared TFC NF membranes had an excellent antifouling property and flux recovery ratio (FRR) in humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA) filtration tests. These results also revealed that the taurine content controlled the formation of the striped surface. Thus, this work provided a viable strategy for fabricating TFC NF membranes with high selectivity and outstanding antifouling ability. Thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes with zwitterionic striped surface were fabricated via the co-deposition and interfacial polymerization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Second Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration
- Hangzhou 310012
- China
- Blue Star (Hangzhou) Membrane Industry Co., Ltd
- Hangzhou 311106
| | - Huifen Tan
- Blue Star (Hangzhou) Membrane Industry Co., Ltd
- Hangzhou 311106
- China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Blue Star (Hangzhou) Membrane Industry Co., Ltd
- Hangzhou 311106
- China
| | - Congjie Gao
- Second Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration
- Hangzhou 310012
- China
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
| | - Qiaoming Pan
- Blue Star (Hangzhou) Membrane Industry Co., Ltd
- Hangzhou 311106
- China
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18
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Thiol-Affinity Immobilization of Casein-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Polymeric Membranes for Biofouling Control. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122057. [PMID: 31835723 PMCID: PMC6961038 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely studied for the control of biofouling on polymeric membranes due to their antimicrobial properties. However, nanoparticle leaching has posed a significant impediment against their widespread use. In this study, a one-step method of chemically embedding AgNPs on cellulose acetate (CA) membranes via their affinity to thiol group chemistry was investigated. The operational efficiency of the membranes was then determined via filtration and biofouling experiments. During filtration study, the average flux values of pure CA membranes was determined to be 11 ± 2 L/(m2·hr) (LMH), while membranes embedded with AgNPs showed significant increases in flux to 18 ± 2 LMH and 25 ± 9 LMH, with increasing amounts of AgNPs added, which is likely due to the NPs acting as pore formers. Leaching studies, performed both in dead-end and crossflow filtration, showed approximately 0.16 mg/L leaching of AgNPs after the first day of filtration, but afterwards the remaining chemically-attached AgNPs did not leach. Over 97% of AgNPs remained on the membranes after seven days of crossflow leaching filtration studies. Serratia marcescens were then used as target microorganisms in biofouling studies. It was observed that membranes embedded with AgNPs effectively suppressed the growth of Serratia marcescens, and specifically, membranes with AgNPs displayed a decrease in microbial growth by 59% and 99% as the amount of AgNP increased.
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19
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Wu T, Liu Y, Zhu GD, Li ZN, Yi Z, Liu LF, Gao CJ. Point-by-point comparisons of permselectivity and fouling-resistance of membranes prepared from blending with di-block and tri-block copolymers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Ji H, Xu H, Jin L, Song X, He C, Liu X, Xiong L, Zhao W, Zhao C. Surface engineering of low-fouling and hemocompatible polyethersulfone membranes via in-situ ring-opening reaction. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Wang J, Liu L, Qu Z, Qu Z, He C. Outstanding antifouling performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes: Novel amphiphilic brushlike copolymer blends and one‐step surface zwitterionization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Qu
- Mercyhurst Preparatory School 538 East Grandview Boulevard, Erie, Pennsylvania 16504
| | - Zhiqing Qu
- Mercyhurst Preparatory School 538 East Grandview Boulevard, Erie, Pennsylvania 16504
| | - Chunju He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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