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Li Q, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3813-3931. [PMID: 38512224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso length-scales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macro-scale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods. Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially cross-linking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuli-responsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printing. The largest components of these applications are energy related and include developments for supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. We conclude with our vision of how PIL development will evolve over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, New York 14610-2246, United States
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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2
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Jang HS, Jeong HN, Eom SM, Han SM, Kim SH, Kwon HW, Im KS, Vijayakumar V, Nam SY. Robust anion exchange membranes based on ionic liquid grafted chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/quaternary ammonium functionalized silica for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129979. [PMID: 38331065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, 1-bromohexyl-1methylpiperidinium bromide (Br-6-MPRD) ionic liquid grafted quaternized chitosan (QCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blends were composited with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) quaternized silica (QSiO2) at different dosages. Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked the membranes and then processed into hydroxide form with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. The resultant IL-QCS/PVA/QSiO2 membranes exhibit significantly improved ionic conductivity, moderate water absorption and swelling ratio compared with the pristine IL-QCS/PVA anion exchange membrane (AEM). Among them, the hydroxide ion conductivity and power density of IL-QCS/PVA/QSiO2-7 membrane can reach up to 78 mS cm-1 at 80 °C and 115 mW cm-2 at 60 °C respectively. In addition, IL-QCS/PVA/QSiO2 membranes have excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical stabilities, which can meet the application requirements of AEM for fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Su Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neul Jeong
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Eom
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Han
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Kwon
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Im
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijayalekshmi Vijayakumar
- Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yong Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang S, Wang Z, Xu J, Liu Q, Sui Z, Du X, Cui Y, Yuan Y, Yu J, Wang Y, Chang Y. Construction of N-spirocyclic cationic three-dimensional highly stable transport channels by electrospinning for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Sui Z, Shui T, Wang S. A novel anion exchange membrane based on silicone/polyphenylene oxide with excellent ionic conductivity for
AEMFC. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zhiyin Sui
- College of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Tianen Shui
- College of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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5
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Simultaneous improvement of anion conductivity and cell durability through the formation of dense ion clusters of F-doped graphitic carbon nitride/quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) composite membrane. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Shen S, Wang N, Jia J, Song D, Zuo T, Liu K, Che Q. Constructing the basal nanofibers suit of layer-by-layer self-assembly membranes as anion exchange membranes. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Letsau TT, Govender PP, Msomi PF. Imidazolium-Quaternized Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide)/Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 Composite Membrane as Polymer Electrolyte for Fuel-Cell Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030595. [PMID: 35160584 PMCID: PMC8839361 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are considered superior to their counterpart proton exchange fuel cells due to their many advantages. Both fuel cells use membranes as polymer electrolytes to improve fuel-cell properties and power output. This work evaluates a series of imidazolium-quaternized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (ImPPO) functionalized zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) (ImPPO/ZIF-8) as anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolytes in a direct methanol alkaline fuel cell. FTIR and 1H NMR were used to confirm the successful membrane fabrication. SEM and TGA were used to study the morphological and thermal stability properties of the ImPPO/ZIF-8 membranes. The AEMs obtained in this work had contact angles ranging from 55.27–106.73°, water uptake from 9–83%, ion exchange capacity (IEC) from 1.93–3.15 mmol/g, and ion conductivity (IC) from 1.02–2.43 mS/cm. The best-performing membrane, ImPPO/3%ZIF-8, showed a water uptake of up to 35% at 80 °C, a swelling ratio of 15.1% after 72 h, IEC of 4.06 mmol/g, and IC of 1.96 mS/cm. A power density of 158.10 mW/cm2 was obtained. This makes ZIF-8 a good prospect as a filler for enhancing membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabakgolo T. Letsau
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.T.L.); (P.P.G.)
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Penny P. Govender
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.T.L.); (P.P.G.)
| | - Phumlani F. Msomi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (T.T.L.); (P.P.G.)
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-6313
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Chen J, Zhang M, Shen C, Gao S. Preparation and Characterization of Non-N-Bonded Side-Chain Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials & Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials & Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- Department of Polymer Materials & Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials & Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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9
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Enhanced performance of poly(olefin)-based anion exchange membranes cross-linked by triallylmethyl ammonium iodine and divinylbenzene. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Lee KH, Chu JY, Kim AR, Kim HG, Yoo DJ. Functionalized TiO2 mediated organic-inorganic composite membranes based on quaternized poly(arylene ether ketone) with enhanced ionic conductivity and alkaline stability for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Vijayakumar V, Kim JH, Nam SY. Piperidinium functionalized poly(2,6 dimethyl 1,4 phenylene oxide) based polyionic liquid/ionic liquid (PIL/IL) composites for CO2 separation. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Zhao S, Yang Y, Zhong F, Niu W, Liu Y, Zheng G, Liu H, Wang J, Xiao Z. Fabrication of composite polymer electrolyte membrane using acidic metal-organic frameworks-functionalized halloysite nanotubes modified chitosan. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Crosslinked quaternary phosphonium-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) polymer-based anion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Vijayakumar V, Son TY, Im KS, Chae JE, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Nam SY. Anion Exchange Composite Membranes Composed of Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and Silica for Fuel Cell Application. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10168-10179. [PMID: 34056171 PMCID: PMC8153668 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with good alkaline stability and ion conductivity are fabricated by incorporating quaternary ammonium-modified silica into quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO). Quaternary ammonium with a long alkyl chain is chemically grafted to the silica in situ during synthesis. Glycidyltrimethylammoniumchloride functionalization on silica (QSiO2) is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopic techniques. The QPPO/QSiO2 membrane having an ion exchange capacity of 3.21 meq·g-1 exhibits the maximum hydration number (λ = 11.15) and highest hydroxide ion conductivity of 45.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 80 °C. In addition to the high ion conductivity, AEMs also exhibit good alkaline stability, and the conductivity retention of the QPPO/QSiO2-3 membrane after 1200 h of exposure in 1 M potassium hydroxide at room temperature is about 91% ascribed to the steric hindrance offered by the grafted long glycidyl trimethylammonium chain in QSiO2. The application of the QPPO/QSiO2-3 membrane to an alkaline fuel cell can yield a peak power density of 142 mW cm-2 at a current density of 323 mA cm-2 and 0.44 V, which is higher than those of commercially available FAA-3-50 Fumatech AEM (OCV: 0.91 V; maximum power density: 114 mW cm-2 at current density: 266 mA cm-2 and 0.43 V). These membranes provide valuable insights on future directions for advanced AEM development for fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalekshmi Vijayakumar
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Tae Yang Son
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Im
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Chae
- Fuel
Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Juhn Kim
- Fuel
Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Organic
Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Nam
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
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15
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Wu Z, Ding A, Shen C, Gao S. Multi‐cation side‐chain‐type containing piperidinium group poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) alkaline anion exchange membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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16
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Crosslinked Pore-Filling Anion Exchange Membrane Using the Cylindrical Centrifugal Force for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112758. [PMID: 33238409 PMCID: PMC7700159 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel crosslinked pore-filling membranes were fabricated by using a centrifugal force from the cylindrical centrifugal machine. For preparing these crosslinked pore-filling membranes, the poly(phenylene oxide) containing long side chains to improve the water management (hydrophilic), porous polyethylene support (hydrophobic) and crosslinker based on the diamine were used. The resulting membranes showed a uniform thickness, flexible and transparent because it is well filled. Among them, PF-XAc-PPO70_25 showed good mechanical properties (56.1 MPa of tensile strength and 781.0 MPa of Young’s modulus) and dimensional stability due to the support. In addition, it has a high hydroxide conductivity (87.1 mS/cm at 80 °C) and low area specific resistance (0.040 Ω·cm2), at the same time showing stable alkaline stability. These data outperformed the commercial FAA-3-50 membrane sold by Fumatech in Germany. Based on the optimized properties, membrane electrode assembly using XAc-PPO70_25 revealed excellent cell performance (maximum power density: 239 mW/cm2 at 0.49 V) than those of commercial FAA-3-50 Fumatech anion exchange membrane (maximum power density: 212 mW/cm2 at 0.54 V) under the operating condition of 60 °C and 100% RH as well. It was expected that PF-XAc-PPO70_25 could be an excellent candidate based on the results superior to those of commercial membranes in these essential characteristics of fuel cells.
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Son TY, Kim DJ, Vijayakumar V, Kim K, Kim DS, Nam SY. Anion exchange membrane using poly(ether ether ketone) containing imidazolium for anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC). J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kim JH, So JH, Kim SK, Yoon H, Choi J, Koo HJ. Facile fabrication of polyaniline films with hierarchical porous networks for enhanced electrochemical activity. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Sazali N, Wan Salleh WN, Jamaludin AS, Mhd Razali MN. New Perspectives on Fuel Cell Technology: A Brief Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E99. [PMID: 32414160 PMCID: PMC7280957 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Energy storage and conversion is a very important link between the steps of energy production and energy consumption. Traditional fossil fuels are a natural and unsustainable energy storage medium with limited reserves and notorious pollution problems, therefore demanding a better choice to store and utilize the green and renewable energies in the future. Energy and environmental problems require a clean and efficient way of using the fuels. Fuel cell functions to efficiently convert oxidant and chemical energy accumulated in the fuel directly into DC electric, with the by-products of heat and water. Fuel cells, which are known as effective electrochemical converters, and electricity generation technology has gained attention due to the need for clean energy, the limitation of fossil fuel resources and the capability of a fuel cell to generate electricity without involving any moving mechanical part. The fuel cell technologies that received high interest for commercialization are polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The optimum efficiency for the fuel cell is not bound by the principle of Carnot cycle compared to other traditional power machines that are generally based on thermal cycles such as gas turbines, steam turbines and internal combustion engines. However, the fuel cell applications have been restrained by the high cost needed to commercialize them. Researchers currently focus on the discovery of different materials and manufacturing methods to enhance fuel cell performance and simplify components of fuel cells. Fuel cell systems' designs are utilized to reduce the costs of the membrane and improve cell efficiency, durability and reliability, allowing them to compete with the traditional combustion engine. In this review, we primarily analyze recent developments in fuel cells technologies and up-to-date modeling for PEMFCs, SOFCs and DMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazlianie Sazali
- Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Shahir Jamaludin
- Faculty of Manufacturing & Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia; (A.S.J.); (M.N.M.R.)
| | - Mohd Nizar Mhd Razali
- Faculty of Manufacturing & Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia; (A.S.J.); (M.N.M.R.)
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