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Li R, Chen T, Lu J, Hu H, Zheng H, Zhu P, Pan X. Metal-organic frameworks doped with metal ions for efficient sterilization: Enhanced photocatalytic activity and photothermal effect. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119366. [PMID: 36473411 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic and photothermal disinfection is a promising strategy for addressing the challenges of environmental microbial contamination. In this work, we choose a metal-organic framework (MOF), ZIF-8, as an inexpensive and ideal model for metal ion doping, and manipulate the band structure, thermal vibration in molecules, charge distribution, and robustness of the metal-ligand coordination bond of the metal-ion-doped ZIFs for their use in photo-disinfection. The effects of their absorption edge, rate of the photo-induced temperature rise, transient photocurrent response, photo-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) type, and crystal stability on the photo-disinfection performance are systematically studied by varying the metal ion type (Co2+, Ni2+, or Cu2+) and doping concentration (1-100%). The results show that the efficiency of light harvesting and photogenerated carrier separation is facilitated in all doped ZIFs. The photothermal conversion gradually improves with the increasing concentration of doped Co2+/Cu2+. Remarkably, the photo-generated ROS type changes from the original singlet oxygen (1O2) to multiple ROS (1O2 and •O2-) due to the introduction of Co(II) sites. Consequently, compared with pristine ZIF-8 and other doped ZIFs, Co2+-doped ZIF-8 with a 5% doping concentration shows the highest sterilization efficiency (6.6 log10 CFU mL-1) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) under simulated sunlight within one hour by virtue of the enhanced photothermal effect and the generation of multiple ROS. This work provides insights into the application of metal-ion-doped MOF photocatalysts to the disinfection of environments with pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Tongtong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Pengfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Heredia Deba SA, Wols BA, Yntema DR, Lammertink RG. Advanced ceramics in radical filtration: TiO2 layer thickness effect on the photocatalytic membrane performance. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Mehta A, Karbouche K, Kraxner J, Elsayed H, Galusek D, Bernardo E. Upcycling of Pharmaceutical Glass into Highly Porous Ceramics: From Foams to Membranes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3784. [PMID: 35683083 PMCID: PMC9181467 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present COVID-19 emergency has dramatically increased the demand for pharmaceutical containers, especially vials. End-of-life containers, however, cannot be easily recycled in the manufacturing of new articles. This paper presents some strategies for upcycling of pharmaceutical glass into various porous ceramics. Suspensions of a fine glass powder (70 vol%) are used as a starting material. Highly uniform cellular structures may be easily prepared by vigorous mechanical stirring of partially gelified suspensions with added surfactant, followed by drying and firing at 550-650 °C. Stabilization of the cellular structures at temperatures as low as the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the used glass is facilitated by thermal decomposition of the gel phase, instead of viscous flow sintering of glass. This finding enabled the preparation of glass membranes (∼78 vol% open porosity), by direct firing of hardened suspensions, avoiding any surfactant addition and mechanical stirring. The powders obtained by crushing of hardened suspensions, even in unfired state, may be used as a low-cost sorbent for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Mehta
- FunGlass—Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 91150 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.E.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Jozef Kraxner
- FunGlass—Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 91150 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Hamada Elsayed
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.E.); (E.B.)
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Dušan Galusek
- FunGlass—Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 91150 Trenčín, Slovakia; (J.K.); (D.G.)
- Joint Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnU AD and FChFT STU, 91150 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Enrico Bernardo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.E.); (E.B.)
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Energy-Efficient CuO/TiO2@GCN Cellulose Acetate-Based Membrane for Concurrent Filtration and Photodegradation of Ketoprofen in Drinking and Groundwater. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic membranes possessing both photocatalytic and solid-liquid separation capabilities were developed. These materials are based on ternary 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) embedded on cellulose acetate (CA) via the phase inversion method. The CA membranes containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) (CTG–100, CTG–300 and CTG–500) were fabricated. The deposition of 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) onto the CA membranes and the consequential changes in the materials’ properties were investigated with various characterization techniques. For instance, PXRD, FTIR, and XPS analysis provided evidence that photocatalytic membranes were formed. Electron microscopy and EDX were then used to visualize the photocatalytic membranes and show that the photocatalyst (1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9)) was well dispersed onto the CA membrane. On the other hand, the properties of the photocatalytic membranes were scrutinized, where it was found that the membranes had a sponge-like morphology and that was significantly less hydrophilic compared to neat CA. The removal of KP in water using CTG–500 exhibited over 94% efficiency, while 38% for neat CA was achieved. Water permeability flux improved with increasing 1% CuO/TiO2@GCN (1:9) and hydrophilicity of the membranes. The electrical energy consumption was calculated and determined to be significantly lower than that of the CA membrane. The CTG–500 membrane after every cycle showed self-cleaning ability after operation in drinking and groundwater.
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Yu T, Wu C, Chen Z, Zhang M, Hong Z, Guo H, Shao W, Xie Q. A Facile Co-Deposition Approach to Construct Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots Self-Cleaning Nanofiltration Membranes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:41. [PMID: 35009990 PMCID: PMC8746962 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel photocatalytic self-cleaning nanofiltration (NF) membrane was fabricated by constructing aspartic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots (AGQDs) into the polydopamine/polyethyleneimine (PDA/PEI) selective layer via the co-deposition method. The chemical composition, microstructure, and hydrophilicity of the prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle (WCA). Meanwhile, the effects of PEI molecular weight and AGQDs concentration on NF membrane structures and separation performance were systematically investigated. The photocatalytic self-cleaning performance of the PDA/PEI/AGQDs membrane was evaluated in terms of flux recovery rate. For constructing high-performance NF membranes, it is found that the optimal molecular weight of PEI is 10,000 Da, and the optimal concentration of AGQDs is 2000 ppm. The introduction of hydrophilic AGQDs formed a more hydrophilic and dense selective layer during the co-deposition process. Compared with the PDA/PEI membrane, the engineered PDA/PEI/AGQDs NF membrane has enhanced water flux (55.5 LMH·bar-1) and higher rejection (99.7 ± 0.3% for MB). In addition, the PDA/PEI/AGQDs membrane exhibits better photocatalytic self-cleaning performance over the PDA/PEI membrane (83% vs. 69%). Therefore, this study provides a facile approach to construct a self-cleaning NF membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
| | - Chenpu Wu
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingen Zhang
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenyao Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Quanling Xie
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.G.)
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
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Chen M, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. State-of-the-Art Ceramic Membranes for Oily Wastewater Treatment: Modification and Application. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:888. [PMID: 34832117 PMCID: PMC8625480 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane filtration is considered to be one of the most promising methods for oily wastewater treatment. Because of their hydrophilic surface, ceramic membranes show less fouling compared with their polymeric counterparts. Membrane fouling, however, is an inevitable phenomenon in the filtration process, leading to higher energy consumption and a shorter lifetime of the membrane. It is therefore important to improve the fouling resistance of the ceramic membranes in oily wastewater treatment. In this review, we first focus on the various methods used for ceramic membrane modification, aiming for application in oily wastewater. Then, the performance of the modified ceramic membranes is discussed and compared. We found that, besides the traditional sol-gel and dip-coating methods, atomic layer deposition is promising for ceramic membrane modification in terms of the control of layer thickness, and pore size tuning. Enhanced surface hydrophilicity and surface charge are two of the most used strategies to improve the performance of ceramic membranes for oily wastewater treatment. Nano-sized metal oxides such as TiO2, ZrO2 and Fe2O3 and graphene oxide are considered to be the potential candidates for ceramic membrane modification for flux enhancement and fouling alleviation. The passive antifouling ceramic membranes, e.g., photocatalytic and electrified ceramic membranes, have shown some potential in fouling control, oil rejection and flux enhancement, but have their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chen
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (S.G.J.H.); (L.C.R.)
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Abstract
Recently, we have witnessed a booming development of composites and multi-dopant metal oxides to be employed as novel photocatalysts. Yet the practical application of photocatalysis for environmental purposes is still elusive. Concerns about the unknown fate and toxicity of nanoparticles, unsatisfactory performance in real conditions, mass transfer limitations and durability issues have so far discouraged investments in full-scale applications of photocatalysis. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the main challenges that are limiting large-scale application of photocatalysis in air and water/wastewater purification. We then discuss the main approaches reported in the literature to tackle these shortcomings, such as the design of photocatalytic reactors that retain the photocatalyst, the study of degradation of micropollutants in different water matrices, and the development of gas-phase reactors with optimized contact time and irradiation. Furthermore, we provide a critical analysis of research–practice gaps such as treatment of real water and air samples, degradation of pollutants with actual environmental concentrations, photocatalyst deactivation, and cost and environmental life-cycle assessment.
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Zhang H, Wan Y, Luo J, Darling SB. Drawing on Membrane Photocatalysis for Fouling Mitigation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14844-14865. [PMID: 33769034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is an effective and environmentally friendly approach for degrading organic pollutants, particularly in scenarios where sunlight can be utilized as the energy source. Opportunities are emerging to apply materials and methods from photocatalytic pollutant degradation to address the challenge of fouling. Membrane fouling, attributed to organic foulants, is a prevalent problem for all membrane-based technologies and represents a major deleterious impact on membrane performance. Integration of tactics developed in photocatalysis more broadly to membranes reveals new strategies for membrane fouling control-an approach taken by an increasing number of researchers. This review summarizes key developments in photocatalytic materials and methods in water treatment and presents recent progress in the development of processes for photocatalytic alleviation of membrane fouling, including photocatalyst design and modification strategies aimed at enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, as well as different configurations of photocatalysis-membrane systems (PMS). Perspectives on future research and development opportunities for photocatalytic membrane fouling control are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yinhua Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Seth B Darling
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Mao C, Wang X, Zhang W, Hu B, Deng H. Super-hydrophilic TiO2-based coating of anion exchange membranes with improved antifouling performance. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Hu R, Liao G, Huang Z, Qiao H, Liu H, Shu Y, Wang B, Qi X. Recent advances of monoelemental 2D materials for photocatalytic applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124179. [PMID: 33261976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a sustainable environmental governance strategy and energy conversion method, photocatalysis has considered to have great potential in this field due to its excellent optical properties and has become one of the most attractive technologies today. Among 2D materials, the emerging two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials mainly distributed in the -IIIA, -IVA, -VA and -VIA groups and show excellent performance in solar energy conversion due to their graphene-like 2D atomic structure and unique properties, thereby drawing increasing attention. This review briefly summarizes the preparation processes and fundamental properties of 2D single-element nanomaterials, as well as various modification strategies and adjustment mechanisms to enhance their photocatalytic properties. In particular, this article comprehensively discusses the related practical applications of 2D single-element materials in the field of photocatalysis, including photocatalytic degradation for contaminants removal, photocatalytic pathogen inactivation, photocatalytic fouling control and photocatalytic energy conversion. This review will provide some new opportunities for the rational design of other excellent photocatalysts based on 2D monoelemental materials, as well as present tremendous novel ideas for 2D monoelemental materials in other environmental conservation and energy-related applications, such as supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, solar cells, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - GengCheng Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Zongyu Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China.
| | - Hui Qiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Huating Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China
| | - Yiqing Shu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineerin, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Faculty of Information Technology Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineerin, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Xiang Qi
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, and School of Physics and Optoelectronic, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, PR China.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhou S, Liu F. In situ generated micro-bubbles enhanced membrane antifouling for separation of oil-in-water emulsion. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Huang J, Luo J, Chen X, Feng S, Wan Y. How Do Chemical Cleaning Agents Act on Polyamide Nanofiltration Membrane and Fouling Layer? Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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