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Zheng P, Jiang L, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Zhu A. Fabrication of polyamide nanofiltration membrane with tannic acid/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) network-like interlayer for enhanced desalination performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:707-718. [PMID: 38368828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The traditional polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes have high selectivity and low water permeance, so it is necessary to find strategies to raise the permeance. Herein, a novel polyamide nanofiltration membranes with high permeance were fabricated by coating a loose hydrophilic network-like interlayer, where tannic acid (TA) with pentapophenol arm structure binds to poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) polymer through hydrogen and ionic interactions. The effects of the network-like TA/PSS interlayer on surface morphology, surface hydrophobicity, and the interfacial polymerization mechanism were investigated. The outcomes demonstrated that the TA/PSS interlayer can offer a favorable environment for interfacial polymerization, enhance the hydrophilicity of the substrate membrane, and delay the release of piperazine (PIP). The optimized TFC-2 presents pure water flux of 22.7 ± 2.8 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, Na2SO4 rejection of 97.1 ± 0.5 %, and PA layer thickness of about 38.9 ± 2.5 nm. This provides new strategies for seeking to prepare simple interlayers to obtain high-performance nanofiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyun Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Qiugen Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Qinglin Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Aimei Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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2
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Foroutan F, Ahmadzadeh H, Davardoostmanesh M, Amiri A. Water desalination using stainless steel meshes coated with layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide nanocomposite. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10925. [PMID: 37691327 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Coated stainless steel meshes with layered double hydroxides and graphene oxide nanocomposites (LDH/GO) were used as desalination membranes. The nature of stainless steel mesh allows a greater amount of sorbent to be coated on the surface using sol-gel technique and increases the adsorption capacity of ions and the efficiency of desalination. These substrates improve the contact surface area so that approximately 5 min is required for the desalination process. The LDH/GO stainless steel mesh exhibited excellent corrosion resistance and tensile strength of 99.9% and 112 MPa, respectively. To achieve the best desalination efficiency, different parameters were optimized, including the ratio of GO to LDH in the nanocomposites, the number of mesh layers, NaCl concentrations, and process cycles. The maximum adsorption capacity for the NaCl was 555.5 mg g-1 . The results revealed that LDH/GO nanocomposite was able to remove (94.3 ± 0.5) % of the NaCl under the optimum conditions. The proposed method was used to successfully remove Na+ , Mg+2 , Ca+2 , and K+ cations from seawater, with the yields of 92.3%, 92.5%, 91.2%, and 90.2%, respectively. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The salts are removed via interaction between salt ions and functional groups on the LDH/GO nanocomposite surface. A high amount of adsorbent loaded on the surface of steel mesh leads to an improvement in the adsorption capacity. The sol-gel technique strengthens the LDH/GO nanocomposites on the surface of steel mesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Foroutan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Remediation of saline oily water using an algae-based membrane. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Du N, Pan L, Liu J, Wang L, Li H, Li K, Xie C, Hang F, Lu H, Li W. Clarification of Limed Sugarcane Juice by Stainless Steel Membranes and Membrane Fouling Analysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:910. [PMID: 36295669 PMCID: PMC9611257 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of stainless steel membranes with pore sizes of 100 and 20 nm in clarifying limed sugarcane juice was investigated under different operating conditions. An increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) for the 20 nm membrane from 2 to 5 bar led to an increase in the average flux from 146.6 Lm-2 h-1 to 187.8 Lm-2 h-1 (approximately 9 h). The increase in crossflow velocity from 2 to 5 m/s led to an increase in the average flux from 111.9 Lm-2 h-1 to 158.1 Lm-2 h-1. The increase in temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C caused an increase in the average flux from 132.8 Lm-2 h-1 to 148.6 Lm-2 h-1. Simultaneously, the test produced a high-quality filtered juice with an average of 1.26 units of purity rise. The purity increased with time, and a 99.99% reduction in turbidity and an average 29.3% reduction in colour were observed. In addition, four classic filtration mathematical models and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses suggested that cake formation is the main mechanism for flux decline. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry indicated that organic fouling is the main foulant. This study demonstrates the potential of stainless steel membranes as filters for the clarification of raw sugarcane juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Du
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lili Pan
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Engineering Center for Sugarcane and Canesugar, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Sugarcane Industry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fangxue Hang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Haiqin Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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5
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Shao S, Zeng F, Long L, Zhu X, Peng LE, Wang F, Yang Z, Tang CY. Nanofiltration Membranes with Crumpled Polyamide Films: A Critical Review on Mechanisms, Performances, and Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12811-12827. [PMID: 36048162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been widely applied in many important environmental applications, including water softening, surface/groundwater purification, wastewater treatment, and water reuse. In recent years, a new class of piperazine (PIP)-based NF membranes featuring a crumpled polyamide layer has received considerable attention because of their great potential for achieving dramatic improvements in membrane separation performance. Since the report of novel crumpled Turing structures that exhibited an order of magnitude enhancement in water permeance ( Science 2018, 360 (6388), 518-521), the number of published research papers on this emerging topic has grown exponentially to approximately 200. In this critical review, we provide a systematic framework to classify the crumpled NF morphologies. The fundamental mechanisms and fabrication methods involved in the formation of these crumpled morphologies are summarized. We then discuss the transport of water and solutes in crumpled NF membranes and how these transport phenomena could simultaneously improve membrane water permeance, selectivity, and antifouling performance. The environmental applications of these emerging NF membranes are highlighted, and future research opportunities/needs are identified. The fundamental insights in this review provide critical guidance on the further development of high-performance NF membranes tailored for a wide range of environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fanxi Zeng
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xuewu Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Lu Elfa Peng
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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6
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Chi M, Zheng P, Wei M, Zhu A, Zhong L, Zhang Q, Liu Q. Polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane modified by nanoporous TiO2 interlayer for enhanced water permeability. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Xu D, Luo X, Jin P, Zhu J, Zhang X, Zheng J, Yang L, Zhu X, Liang H, Van der Bruggen B. A novel ceramic-based thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane with enhanced performance and regeneration potential. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 215:118264. [PMID: 35303558 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of a ceramic-based nanofiltration membrane remains a significant challenge due to its performance and fabrication cost. Herein, we report a high-performance ceramic-based thin-film composite (TFC) membrane fabricated via a typical interfacial polymerization on an interwoven net substrate assembled by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowires. The chemical properties and morphologies were systematically investigated for ceramic substrates and their corresponding TFC membranes. Due to the significantly improved hydrophilicity of the TiO2 framework, more reactive amine monomers were uniformly adsorbed on the modified surface of the ceramic substrate, yielding an ultrathin polyamide layer with less resistance. In addition, the smooth surface and decreased pore size of the TiO2 framework contributed to forming a defect-free polyamide layer. As a result, the obtained ceramic-based TFC membrane evinced high permeance of 26.4 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 and excellent salt rejection efficiency, leading to simultaneous improvements compared with the control TFC membrane without the TiO2 framework. Notably, the potential regeneration ability of the ceramic-based TFC membrane could be achieved via facile low-temperature calcination and re-polymerization process due to the varied thermostability between the polyamide layer and the robust ceramic substrate. The operation of regeneration helped to prolong the lifetime and decrease the cost for the ceramic-based TFC membrane. This research provides a feasible protocol to fabricate sustainable ceramic-based nanofiltration membranes with enhanced performance for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China; Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Pengrui Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junyong Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Xuewu Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China.
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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8
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Tian J, Teng Y, Gao S, Zhang R. A Metal-organic composite ultrafiltration membrane synthesized via Quadratic phase inversion. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Cheng X, Lai C, Li J, Zhou W, Zhu X, Wang Z, Ding J, Zhang X, Wu D, Liang H, Zhao C. Toward Enhancing Desalination and Heavy Metal Removal of TFC Nanofiltration Membranes: A Cost-Effective Interface Temperature-Regulated Interfacial Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57998-58010. [PMID: 34817167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyamide (PA) chemistry-based nanofiltration (NF) membranes have an important role in the field of seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. Achieving an ultrathin and defect-free active layer via precisely controlled interfacial polymerization (IP) is an effective routine to improve the separation efficiencies of NF membranes. Herein, the morphologies and chemical structures of the thin-film composite (TFC) NF membranes were accurately regulated by tailoring the interfacial reaction temperature during the IP process. This strategy was achieved by controlling the temperature (-15, 5, 20, 35, and 50°) of the oil-phase solutions. The structural compositions, morphological variations, and separation features of the fabricated NF membranes were studied in detail. In addition, the formation mechanisms of the NF membranes featuring different PAs were also proposed and discussed. The temperature-assisted IP (TAIP) method greatly changed the compositions of the resultant PA membranes. A very smooth and thin PA film was obtained for the NF membranes fabricated at a low interfacial temperature; thus, a high 19.2 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 of water permeance and 97.7% of Na2SO4 rejection were observed. With regard to the NF membranes obtained at a high interfacial temperature, a lower water permeance and higher salt rejection with fewer membrane defects were achieved. Impressively, the high interfacial temperature-assisted NF membranes exhibited uniform coffee-ring-like surface morphologies. The special surface-featured NF membrane showed superior separation for selected heavy metals. Rejections of 93.9%, 97.9%, and 87.7% for Cu2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+ were observed with the optimized membrane. Three cycles of fouling tests indicated that NF membranes fabricated at low temperatures exhibited excellent antifouling behavior, whereas a high interface temperature contributed to the formation of NF membranes with high fouling tendency. This study provides an economical, facile, and universal TAIP strategy for tailoring the performances of TFC PA membranes for environmental water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Cunxian Lai
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Shandong Urban Construction Vocational College, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xuewu Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Daoji Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Congcong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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10
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Recycle of ceramic substrate of PDMS/ceramic composite membranes towards alcohol-permselective pervaporation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Gu K, Wang K, Zhou Y, Gao C. Alkali-resistant polyethyleneimine/triglycidyl isocyanurate nanofiltration membrane for treating lignin lye. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Zhu X, Zhang X, Li J, Luo X, Xu D, Wu D, Wang W, Cheng X, Li G, Liang H. Crumple-textured polyamide membranes via MXene nanosheet-regulated interfacial polymerization for enhanced nanofiltration performance. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Choudhury RR, Gohil JM, Dutta K. Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based membranes for fuel cell and water treatment applications: A review on recent advancements. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikarani R. Choudhury
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Jaydevsinh M. Gohil
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bhubaneswar India
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Advanced Polymer Design & Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals—Advanced Polymer Design & Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru India
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14
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Yang Z, Sun PF, Li X, Gan B, Wang L, Song X, Park HD, Tang CY. A Critical Review on Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes with Interlayered Structure: Mechanisms, Recent Developments, and Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15563-15583. [PMID: 33213143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The separation properties of polyamide reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, widely applied for desalination and water reuse, are constrained by the permeability-selectivity upper bound. Although thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating nanomaterials exhibit enhanced water permeance, their rejection is only moderately improved or even impaired due to agglomeration of nanomaterials and formation of defects. A novel type of TFN membranes featuring an interlayer of nanomaterials (TFNi) has emerged in recent years. These novel TFNi membranes show extraordinary improvement in water flux (e.g., up to an order of magnitude enhancement) along with better selectivity. Such enhancements can be achieved by a wide selection of nanomaterials, ranging from nanoparticles, one-/two-dimensional materials, to interfacial coatings. The use of nanostructured interlayers not only improves the formation of polyamide rejection layers but also provides an optimized water transport path, which enables TFNi membranes to potentially overcome the longstanding trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Furthermore, TFNi membranes can potentially enhance the removal of heavy metals and micropollutants, which is critical for many environmental applications. This review critically examines the recent developments of TFNi membranes and discusses the underlying mechanisms and design criteria. Their potential environmental applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bowen Gan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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