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Ho CD, Tu JW, Chen YH, Chew TL. Two-Dimensional Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Mass Transfer in a Hollow-Fiber Dialysis Module Coupled with Ultrafiltration Operations. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:702. [PMID: 37623763 PMCID: PMC10456604 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This research theoretically and experimentally develops a hollow-fiber dialysis module coupled with ultrafiltration operations by introducing a trans-membrane pressure during the membrane dialysis process, which can be applied to the waste metabolic end products in the human body for improving the dialysis efficiency. The solutes were transported by both diffusion and convection from the concentration driving-force gradient between retentate and dialysate phases across the membrane, compared to the traditional dialysis processes by diffusion only. A two-dimensional modeling of such a dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system in the hollow-fiber dialysis module was formulated and solved using the stream function coupled with the perturbation method to obtain the velocity distributions of retentate and dialysate phases, respectively. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the effect of ultrafiltration on the dialysis rate in the hollow-fiber dialyzer with ultrafiltration operations. A highest level of dialysis rate improvement up to about seven times (say 674.65% under Va=20 mL/min) was found in the module with ultrafiltration rate Vw=10 mL/min and membrane sieving coefficient θ=1, compared to that in the system without operating ultrafiltration. Considerable dialysis rate improvements on mass transfer were obtained by implementing a hollow-fiber dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system, instead of using the hollow-fiber dialyzer without ultrafiltration operation. The experimental runs were carried out under the same operating conditions for the hollow-fiber dialyzers of the two experimental runs with and without ultrafiltration operations for comparisons. A very reasonable prediction by the proposed mathematical model was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii-Dong Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Jr-Wei Tu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yih-Hang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Thiam Leng Chew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Institute of Contaminant Management, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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Ho CD, Tu JW, Lim JW, Lai WC. Device Performance of a Tubular Membrane Dialyzer Incorporating Ultrafiltration Effects on the Dialysis Efficiency. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:556. [PMID: 37367760 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Membrane dialysis is one of the membrane contactors applied to wastewater treatment. The dialysis rate of a traditional dialyzer module is restricted because the solutes transport through the membrane only by diffusion, in which the mass-transfer driving force across the membrane is the concentration gradient between the retentate and dialysate phases. A two-dimensional mathematical model of the concentric tubular dialysis-and-ultrafiltration module was developed theoretically in this study. The simulated results show that the dialysis rate improvement was significantly improved through implementing the ultrafiltration effect by introducing a trans-membrane pressure during the membrane dialysis process. The velocity profiles of the retentate and dialysate phases in the dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system were derived and expressed in terms of the stream function, which was solved numerically by the Crank-Nicolson method. A maximum dialysis rate improvement of up to twice that of the pure dialysis system (Vw=0) was obtained by employing a dialysis system with an ultrafiltration rate of Vw=2 mL/min and a constant membrane sieving coefficient of θ=1. The influences of the concentric tubular radius, ultrafiltration fluxes and membrane sieve factor on the outlet retentate concentration and mass transfer rate are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii-Dong Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wei Tu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Chi Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
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Zhang Z, Feng S, Wei Q, Wu L. Preparation and surface modification of ultrahigh throughput tannic acid coblended polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes for hemodialysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shuman Feng
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou University People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qianyu Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lili Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Wuhan University of Technology Advanced Engineering Technology Research Institute of Zhongshan City Zhongshan Guangdong China
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Huang L, Ma L, Chen H, Qiao L, Zhang L, Pan J, Li J, Zhang Y. Robust fabrication of poly(lactic acid) membrane with good hemocompatibility over heparin‐mimetic graphene‐based nanosheets. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Lankun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Haimei Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Leitao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Material Science and Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo China
| | - Jinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University Tianjin China
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A high-protein retained PES hemodialysis membrane with tannic acid as a multifunctional modifier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nguyen TT, Jang K, Her N, Kim CS, Kim SW, Kim IS. Fabrication of hollow fiber membranes with different inner diameters for enhanced uremic toxins removal in hemodialysis: Exploring from high-flux to high molecular weight retention onset classes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nazari S, Abdelrasoul A. Impact of Membrane Modification and Surface Immobilization Techniques on the Hemocompatibility of Hemodialysis Membranes: A Critical Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1063. [PMID: 36363617 PMCID: PMC9698264 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts, hemodialysis patients have poor survival rates and low quality of life. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are the core of hemodialysis treatment, acting as a barrier for metabolic waste removal and supplying vital nutrients. So, developing a durable and suitable membrane that may be employed for therapeutic purposes is crucial. Surface modificationis a useful solution to boostmembrane characteristics like roughness, charge neutrality, wettability, hemocompatibility, and functionality, which are important in dialysis efficiency. The modification techniques can be classified as follows: (i) physical modification techniques (thermal treatment, polishing and grinding, blending, and coating), (ii) chemical modification (chemical methods, ozone treatment, ultraviolet-induced grafting, plasma treatment, high energy radiation, and enzymatic treatment); and (iii) combination methods (physicochemical). Despite the fact that each strategy has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, all of these methods yielded noteworthy outcomes, even if quantifying the enhanced performance is difficult. A hemodialysis membrane with outstanding hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility can be achieved by employing the right surface modification and immobilization technique. Modified membranes pave the way for more advancement in hemodialysis membrane hemocompatibility. Therefore, this critical review focused on the impact of the modification method used on the hemocompatibility of dialysis membranes while covering some possible modifications and basic research beyond clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Nazari
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Amira Abdelrasoul
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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Hemocompatibility challenge of membrane oxygenator for artificial lung technology. Acta Biomater 2022; 152:19-46. [PMID: 36089235 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The artificial lung (AL) technology is one of the membrane-based artificial organs that partly augments lung functions, i.e. blood oxygenation and CO2 removal. It is generally employed as an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) device to treat acute and chronic lung-failure patients, and the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has re-emphasized the importance of this technology. The principal component in AL is the polymeric membrane oxygenator that facilitates the O2/CO2 exchange with the blood. Despite the considerable improvement in anti-thrombogenic biomaterials in other applications (e.g., stents), AL research has not advanced at the same rate. This is partly because AL research requires interdisciplinary knowledge in biomaterials and membrane technology. Some of the promising biomaterials with reasonable hemocompatibility - such as emerging fluoropolymers of extremely low surface energy - must first be fabricated into membranes to exhibit effective gas exchange performance. As AL membranes must also demonstrate high hemocompatibility in tandem, it is essential to test the membranes using in-vitro hemocompatibility experiments before in-vivo test. Hence, it is vital to have a reliable in-vitro experimental protocol that can be reasonably correlated with the in-vivo results. However, current in-vitro AL studies are unsystematic to allow a consistent comparison with in-vivo results. More specifically, current literature on AL biomaterial in-vitro hemocompatibility data are not quantitatively comparable due to the use of unstandardized and unreliable protocols. Such a wide gap has been the main bottleneck in the improvement of AL research, preventing promising biomaterials from reaching clinical trials. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art and status of AL technology from membrane researcher perspectives. Particularly, most of the reported in-vitro experiments to assess AL membrane hemocompatibility are compiled and critically compared to suggest the most reliable method suitable for AL biomaterial research. Also, a brief review of current approaches to improve AL hemocompatibility is summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The importance of Artificial Lung (AL) technology has been re-emphasized in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The utmost bottleneck in the current AL technology is the poor hemocompatibility of the polymer membrane used for O2/CO2 gas exchange, limiting its use in the long-term. Unfortunately, most of the in-vitro AL experiments are unsystematic, irreproducible, and unreliable. There are no standardized in-vitro hemocompatibility characterization protocols for quantitative comparison between AL biomaterials. In this review, we tackled this bottleneck by compiling the scattered in-vitro data and suggesting the most suitable experimental protocol to obtain reliable and comparable hemocompatibility results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review paper focusing on the hemocompatibility challenge of AL technology.
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Lau HS, Lau SK, Soh LS, Hong SU, Gok XY, Yi S, Yong WF. State-of-the-Art Organic- and Inorganic-Based Hollow Fiber Membranes in Liquid and Gas Applications: Looking Back and Beyond. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:539. [PMID: 35629866 PMCID: PMC9144028 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aggravation of environmental problems such as water scarcity and air pollution has called upon the need for a sustainable solution globally. Membrane technology, owing to its simplicity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, has emerged as one of the favorable technologies for water and air purification. Among all of the membrane configurations, hollow fiber membranes hold promise due to their outstanding packing density and ease of module assembly. Herein, this review systematically outlines the fundamentals of hollow fiber membranes, which comprise the structural analyses and phase inversion mechanism. Furthermore, illustrations of the latest advances in the fabrication of organic, inorganic, and composite hollow fiber membranes are presented. Key findings on the utilization of hollow fiber membranes in microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), pervaporation, gas and vapor separation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactor are also reported. Moreover, the applications in nuclear waste treatment and biomedical fields such as hemodialysis and drug delivery are emphasized. Subsequently, the emerging R&D areas, precisely on green fabrication and modification techniques as well as sustainable materials for hollow fiber membranes, are highlighted. Last but not least, this review offers invigorating perspectives on the future directions for the design of next-generation hollow fiber membranes for various applications. As such, the comprehensive and critical insights gained in this review are anticipated to provide a new research doorway to stimulate the future development and optimization of hollow fiber membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Siew Kei Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Leong Sing Soh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Seang Uyin Hong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Xie Yuen Gok
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Shouliang Yi
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA;
| | - Wai Fen Yong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Prasad NS, Gayatri NL, Sandhya BN, Kalyani S, Bhargava SK, Sridhar S. Hydrophilized Ultrafiltration Membranes Synthesized from Acrylic Acid Grafted Polyethersulfone for Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Insulin and Cobalamin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3400-3418. [PMID: 35357661 PMCID: PMC9270308 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on synthesis of novel high-performance acrylic acid (AA) grafted polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for purification of small therapeutic biomolecules such as urea, insulin, and cobalamin. The membranes were indigenously synthesized by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 6 kDa M.Wt. as a pore former and subsequent grafting of AA using 2 to 6 wt.% concentrations under UV-induced photo grafting. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the PEG additive profoundly influences the pore density on the membrane surface. FTIR spectra confirm the graft polymerization of AA with the PES substrate. Separation performance of the grafted membranes was evaluated to establish the trade-off between the degree of grafting and MWCO. From the experimental results, the pure water flux (PWF) of 6% grafted PES membrane was enhanced from 8.5 (PES [0] [6]) to 18.20 l m-2 h-1 (PES [6 +] [6]) in the presence of PEG pore former, respectively. The grafting concentration window of 2-6% resulted in selective membranes to altogether remove uremic toxins into the permeate with retention of high molecular size proteins. Hence, 5 and 6 wt.% AA grafted membranes exhibited > 90% rejection for insulin and cobalamin biomolecules along with 24.5 and 23.8 l m-2 h-1 bar-1 permeability towards urea, respectively. The process results correlate well with the MWCO values of membranes ranging from 1 to 10 kDa. This work provides the efficacy of these grafted membranes for potential application in the downstream processing of therapeutic biomolecules such as insulin and cobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Shiva Prasad
- Membrane Separations Laboratory, Process Engineering, and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007 India ,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India ,Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - N. Lakshmi Gayatri
- Membrane Separations Laboratory, Process Engineering, and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - B. Naga Sandhya
- Membrane Separations Laboratory, Process Engineering, and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - S. Kalyani
- Membrane Separations Laboratory, Process Engineering, and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - Suresh K. Bhargava
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Sundergopal Sridhar
- Membrane Separations Laboratory, Process Engineering, and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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Structure design and performance study on filtration-adsorption bifunctional blood purification membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang J, Qiu M, Liu Z, He C. Fabrication of a Dual-Action Membrane with Both Antibacterial and Anticoagulant Properties via Cationic Polyelectrolyte-Induced Phase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14938-14950. [PMID: 33775092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of microorganisms and formation of thrombus on a biomaterial surface can seriously lead to device failure and threaten human health. Nonetheless, a surface that has both antibacterial and anticoagulant properties has scarcely been developed. Herein, a novel dual-action membrane composed of polyethersulfone (PES) bulk material and a hydrophilic anionic poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAMPS) polymer has been prepared via the cationic antibacterial agent poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB)-induced phase separation technique. Interestingly, the resultant membrane can offer tunable antibacterial and anticoagulant properties, while maintaining satisfactory permeability and greatly increasing selectivity. The membrane also shows excellent hydrophilicity, a well-defined porous surface, and cross section with a sponge gradient structure. Furthermore, the PHMB-PAMPS complex formed on the membrane surface displays outstanding long-term stability, which is crucial for further practical applications. More importantly, the hollow fiber membrane fabricated by the cationic polyelectrolyte-induced phase separation technique confirms its capability to control the membrane permeability (257.4 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1) and selectivity (95.9%) without destroying the membrane structure. The present work opens a straightforward and efficient avenue for the rational design of a functional surface to fight biomedical material-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chunju He
- The State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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