1
|
Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Henkensmeier D, Cho WC, Jannasch P, Stojadinovic J, Li Q, Aili D, Jensen JO. Separators and Membranes for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6393-6443. [PMID: 38669641 PMCID: PMC11117188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) uses diaphragms to separate anode and cathode and is operated with 5-7 M KOH feed solutions. The ban of asbestos diaphragms led to the development of polymeric diaphragms, which are now the state of the art material. A promising alternative is the ion solvating membrane. Recent developments show that high conductivities can also be obtained in 1 M KOH. A third technology is based on anion exchange membranes (AEM); because these systems use 0-1 M KOH feed solutions to balance the trade-off between conductivity and the AEM's lifetime in alkaline environment, it makes sense to treat them separately as AEM WE. However, the lifetime of AEM increased strongly over the last 10 years, and some electrode-related issues like oxidation of the ionomer binder at the anode can be mitigated by using KOH feed solutions. Therefore, AWE and AEM WE may get more similar in the future, and this review focuses on the developments in polymeric diaphragms, ion solvating membranes, and AEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen
· Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST
Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Cho
- Department
of Future Energy Convergence, Seoul National
University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer
& Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Qingfeng Li
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Aili
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Oluf Jensen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ho CD, Tu JW, Chen YH, Chew TL. Two-Dimensional Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Mass Transfer in a Hollow-Fiber Dialysis Module Coupled with Ultrafiltration Operations. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:702. [PMID: 37623763 PMCID: PMC10456604 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This research theoretically and experimentally develops a hollow-fiber dialysis module coupled with ultrafiltration operations by introducing a trans-membrane pressure during the membrane dialysis process, which can be applied to the waste metabolic end products in the human body for improving the dialysis efficiency. The solutes were transported by both diffusion and convection from the concentration driving-force gradient between retentate and dialysate phases across the membrane, compared to the traditional dialysis processes by diffusion only. A two-dimensional modeling of such a dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system in the hollow-fiber dialysis module was formulated and solved using the stream function coupled with the perturbation method to obtain the velocity distributions of retentate and dialysate phases, respectively. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the effect of ultrafiltration on the dialysis rate in the hollow-fiber dialyzer with ultrafiltration operations. A highest level of dialysis rate improvement up to about seven times (say 674.65% under Va=20 mL/min) was found in the module with ultrafiltration rate Vw=10 mL/min and membrane sieving coefficient θ=1, compared to that in the system without operating ultrafiltration. Considerable dialysis rate improvements on mass transfer were obtained by implementing a hollow-fiber dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system, instead of using the hollow-fiber dialyzer without ultrafiltration operation. The experimental runs were carried out under the same operating conditions for the hollow-fiber dialyzers of the two experimental runs with and without ultrafiltration operations for comparisons. A very reasonable prediction by the proposed mathematical model was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chii-Dong Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Jr-Wei Tu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yih-Hang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Thiam Leng Chew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Institute of Contaminant Management, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ho CD, Tu JW, Lim JW, Lai WC. Device Performance of a Tubular Membrane Dialyzer Incorporating Ultrafiltration Effects on the Dialysis Efficiency. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:556. [PMID: 37367760 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Membrane dialysis is one of the membrane contactors applied to wastewater treatment. The dialysis rate of a traditional dialyzer module is restricted because the solutes transport through the membrane only by diffusion, in which the mass-transfer driving force across the membrane is the concentration gradient between the retentate and dialysate phases. A two-dimensional mathematical model of the concentric tubular dialysis-and-ultrafiltration module was developed theoretically in this study. The simulated results show that the dialysis rate improvement was significantly improved through implementing the ultrafiltration effect by introducing a trans-membrane pressure during the membrane dialysis process. The velocity profiles of the retentate and dialysate phases in the dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system were derived and expressed in terms of the stream function, which was solved numerically by the Crank-Nicolson method. A maximum dialysis rate improvement of up to twice that of the pure dialysis system (Vw=0) was obtained by employing a dialysis system with an ultrafiltration rate of Vw=2 mL/min and a constant membrane sieving coefficient of θ=1. The influences of the concentric tubular radius, ultrafiltration fluxes and membrane sieve factor on the outlet retentate concentration and mass transfer rate are also illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chii-Dong Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wei Tu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Chi Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei 251301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen W, Shen H, Gong Y, Li P, Cheng C. Anion exchange membranes with efficient acid recovery obtained by quaternized poly epichlorohydrin and polyvinyl alcohol during diffusion dialysis. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
|
6
|
Gong Y, Chen W, Shen HY, Cheng C. Semi-interpenetrating Polymer-Network Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Quaternized Polyepichlorohydrin and Polyvinyl Alcohol for Acid Recovery by Diffusion Dialysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Gong
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hai Yang Shen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Congliang Cheng
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu L, Wang H, Min L, Xu W, Zhang W. Poly (aryl piperidinium) Anion Exchange Membranes for Acid Recovery: The Effect of Backbone Structure. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
8
|
Investigation on flexible and thermally crosslinked bis-piperidinium-PPO anion exchange membrane (AEM) for electro-kinetic desalination and acid recovery. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Wu J, Wu Y, Hu X, Wu C, Ding J. Water-bonding tubular membrane used in a 3D-printing dialyzer for diffusion dialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Liu B, Li T, Li Q, Zhu S, Duan Y, Li J, Zhang H, Zhao C. Enhanced diffusion dialysis performance of cross-linked poly(aryl piperidine) anion exchange membranes by thiol-ene click chemistry for acid recovery. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Pawar CM, Sreenath S, Dave V, Bavdane PP, Singh V, Verma V, Nagarale RK. Chemically stable and high acid recovery anion exchange membrane. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Yuan W, Zeng L, Jiang S, Yuan C, He Q, Wang J, Liao Q, Wei Z. High performance poly(carbazolyl aryl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Host-guest interaction induced ion channels for accelerated OH− transport in anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Liu B, Duan Y, Li T, Li J, Zhang H, Zhao C. Nanostructured anion exchange membranes based on poly(arylene piperidinium) with bis-cation strings for diffusion dialysis in acid recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Yuan Y, Du X, Zhang H, Wang H, Wang Z. Poly (isatin biphenylene) polymer containing ferrocenium derivatives for anion exchange membrane fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Song W, He Y, Shehzad MA, Ge X, Ge L, Liang X, Wei C, Ge Z, Zhang K, Li G, Yu W, Wu L, Xu T. Exploring H-bonding interaction to enhance proton permeability of an acid-selective membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Quaternized Diaminobutane/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Cross-Linked Membranes for Acid Recovery via Diffusion Dialysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100786. [PMID: 34677552 PMCID: PMC8539155 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion dialysis (DD) using anion exchange membranes (AEM) is an effective process for acid recovery and requires the preparation of suitable materials for AEMs, characterized by unique ions transport properties. In this work, novel AEMs composed of quaternized diaminobutane (QDAB) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were cross-linked by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) via the sol–gel process. The prepared AEMs were systematically characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ion-exchange capacity (IEC) analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), water uptake, linear expansion ratio (LER), and mechanical strength determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and DD performance analysis for acid recovery using a hydrochloric acid/iron chloride (HCl/FeCl2) aqueous mixture and varying the QDAB content. The prepared AEMs exhibited IEC values between 0.86 and 1.46 mmol/g, water uptake values within 71.3 and 47.8%, moderate thermal stability, tensile strength values in the range of 26.1 to 41.7 MPa, and elongation from 68.2 to 204.6%. The dialysis coefficient values were between 0.0186 and 0.0295 m/h, whereas the separation factors range was 24.7–44.1 at 25 °C. The prepared membranes have great potential for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sarapulova V, Pismenskaya N, Titorova V, Sharafan M, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang Y, Nikonenko V. Transport Characteristics of CJMAED™ Homogeneous Anion Exchange Membranes in Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1415. [PMID: 33572516 PMCID: PMC7866833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the ion exchange capacity, water content and concentration dependences of conductivity, diffusion permeability, and counterion transport numbers (counterion permselectivity) of CJMA-3, CJMA-6 and CJMA-7 (Hefei Chemjoy Polymer Materials Co. Ltd., China) anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) is analyzed using the application of the microheterogeneous model to experimental data. The structure-properties relationship for these membranes is examined when they are bathed by NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions. These results are compared with the characteristics of the well-studied homogenous Neosepta AMX (ASTOM Corporation, Japan) and heterogeneous AMH-PES (Mega a.s., Czech Republic) anion-exchange membranes. It is found that the CJMA-6 membrane has the highest counterion permselectivity (chlorides, sulfates) among the CJMAED series membranes, very close to that of the AMX membrane. The CJMA-3 membrane has the transport characteristics close to the AMH-PES membrane. The CJMA-7 membrane has the lowest exchange capacity and the highest volume fraction of the intergel spaces filled with an equilibrium electroneutral solution. These properties predetermine the lowest counterion transport number in CJMA-7 among other investigated AEMs, which nevertheless does not fall below 0.87 even in 1.0 eq L-1 solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4. One of the reasons for the decrease in the permselectivity of CJMAED membranes is the extended macropores, which are localized at the ion-exchange material/reinforcing cloth boundaries. In relatively concentrated solutions, the electric current prefers to pass through these well-conductive but nonselective macropores rather than the highly selective but low-conductive elements of the gel phase. It is shown that the counterion permselectivity of the CJMA-7 membrane can be significantly improved by coating its surface with a dense homogeneous ion-exchange film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sarapulova
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Valentina Titorova
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Sharafan
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhenzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China;
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (V.S.); (N.P.); (V.T.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|