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Li Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Peng B, Li X. Key Roles of Interfaces in Inverted Metal-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10688-10725. [PMID: 38600721 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), an emerging technology for transforming solar energy into a clean source of electricity, have reached efficiency levels comparable to those of commercial silicon cells. Compared with other types of PSCs, inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have shown promise with regard to commercialization due to their facile fabrication and excellent optoelectronic properties. The interlayer interfaces play an important role in the performance of perovskite cells, not only affecting charge transfer and transport, but also acting as a barrier against oxygen and moisture permeation. Herein, we describe and summarize the last three years of studies that summarize the advantages of interface engineering-based advances for the commercialization of IPSCs. This review includes a brief introduction of the structure and working principle of IPSCs, and analyzes how interfaces affect the performance of IPSC devices from the perspective of photovoltaic performance and device lifetime. In addition, a comprehensive summary of various interface engineering approaches to solving these problems and challenges in IPSCs, including the use of interlayers, interface modification, defect passivation, and others, is summarized. Moreover, based upon current developments and breakthroughs, fundamental and engineering perspectives on future commercialization pathways are provided for the innovation and design of next-generation IPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Zichao Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xifei Li
- Key Materials & Components of Electrical Vehicles for Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Institute of Advanced Electrochemical Energy & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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2
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Peng Y, Su Z, Jin M, Zhu L, Guan ZJ, Fang Y. Recent advances in porous molecular cages for photocatalytic organic conversions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15216-15232. [PMID: 37492891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic conversion is considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving strategy for organic synthesis. In recent decades, the molecular cage has emerged as a creative functional material with broad applications in host-guest recognition, drug delivery, catalysis, intelligent materials and other fields. Based on the unique properties of porous molecular cage materials, they provide an ideal platform for leveraging pre-structuring in catalytic reactions and show great potential in various photocatalytic organic reactions. As a result, they have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional molecules or inorganic photocatalysts in redox processes. In this Review, the synthesis strategies based on coordination cages and organic cages, as well as their recent progress in photocatalytic organic conversion, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, we deliver the persistent challenges associated with porous molecular cage compounds that need to be overcome for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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3
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Drożdż W, Ciesielski A, Stefankiewicz AR. Dynamic Cages-Towards Nanostructured Smart Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307552. [PMID: 37449543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in capsular assemblies such as dynamic organic and coordination cages has blossomed over the last decade. Given their chemical and structural variability, these systems have found applications in diverse fields of research, including energy conversion and storage, catalysis, separation, molecular recognition, and live-cell imaging. In the exploration of the potential of these discrete architectures, they are increasingly being employed in the formation of more complex systems and smart materials. This Review highlights the most promising pathways to overcome common drawbacks of cage systems (stability, recovery) and discusses the most promising strategies for their hybridization with systems featuring various dimensionalities. Following the description of the most recent advances in the fabrication of zero to three-dimensional cage-based systems, this Review will provide the reader with the structure-dependent relationship between the employed cages and the properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Drożdż
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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4
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Xiong F, Hao Y, Xu H, Li X, Sun Y, Liu J, Chen X, Wei Z. High‐Affinity Adsorbent with Honeycomb Structure for Efficient Acteoside Separation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Yanyan Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Helin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Xueqin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Kashi Product Quality Inspection Institute No. 5, Century Avenue North Road Xinjiang Kashgar 844000 China
| | - Zhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
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Kim YJ, Ko SY, Kim S, Choi KM, Ryu WH. Cathodes Coating Layer with Li-Ion Diffusion Selectivity Employing Interactive Network of Metal-Organic Polyhedras for Li-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206561. [PMID: 36436836 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of cathodes using Ni-rich coating layers prevents bulk and surface degradation for the stable operation of Li-ion batteries at high voltages. However, insulating and dense inorganic coating layers often impede charge transfer and ion diffusion kinetics. In this study, the fabrication of dual functional coating materials using metal-organic polyhedra (MOP) with 3D networks within microporous units of Li-ion batteries for surface stabilization and facile ion diffusion is proposed. Zr-based MOP is modified by introducing acyl groups as a chemical linkage (MOPAC), and MOPAC layers are homogenously coated by simple spray coating on the cathode. The coating allow the smooth transport of electrons and ions. MOPAC effectively suppress side reactions between the cathode and electrolyte and protect active materials against aggressive fluoride ions by forming a Li-ion selective passivation film. The MOPAC-coated Ni-rich layered cathode exhibited better cycle retention and enhanced kinetic properties than pristine and MOP-coated cathodes. Reduction of undesirable gas evolution on the cathode by MOPAC is also verified. Microporous MOPAC coating can simultaneously stabilize both the bulk and surface of the Ni-rich layered cathode and maintain good electrochemical reaction kinetics for high-performance Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
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Metal Organic Polygons and Polyhedra: Instabilities and Remedies. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of coordination chemistry has undergone rapid transformation from preparation of monometallic complexes to multimetallic complexes. So far numerous multimetallic coordination complexes have been synthesized. Multimetallic coordination complexes with well-defined architectures are often called as metal organic polygons and polyhedra (MOPs). In recent past, MOPs have received tremendous attention due to their potential applicability in various emerging fields. However, the field of coordination chemistry of MOPs often suffer set back due to the instability of coordination complexes particularly in aqueous environment-mostly by aqueous solvent and atmospheric moisture. Accordingly, the fate of the field does not rely only on the water solubilities of newly synthesized MOPs but very much dependent on their stabilities both in solution and solid state. The present review discusses several methodologies to prepare MOPs and investigates their stabilities under various circumstances. Considering the potential applicability of MOPs in sustainable way, several methodologies (remedies) to enhance the stabilities of MOPs are discussed here.
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Zhao A, Zhang M, Bao Y, Zhao L, Liu G, Jiang Y, Zhang P, Cao X. Loose nanofiltration membrane constructed via interfacial polymerization using porous organic cage RCC3 for dye/salt separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Natural-product-derived membranes for high-efficiency anionic dye removal. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Antifouling streptomycin-based nanofiltration membrane with high permselectivity for dye/salt separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Li TT, Liu SN, Wu LH, Cai SL, Zheng SR. Strategies for the Construction of Functional Materials Utilizing Presynthesized Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs). Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200172. [PMID: 35922387 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) that assemble from metal ions or metal clusters and organic ligands have attracted the interest of the scientific community because of their various functional coordination cavities. Unlike metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with infinite frameworks, MOCs have discrete structures, making them soluble and stable in certain solvents and facilitating their application as starting reagents in the further construction of single components or composite materials. In recent years, increasing progress has been made in this field. In this review, we introduce these works from the perspective of design strategies, and focus on how presynthesized MOCs can be used to construct functional materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges and development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Na Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hua Wu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Song-Liang Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Run Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.,SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511517, P. R. China
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11
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Yuan YD, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhao D. Metal-organic cage incorporating thin-film nanocomposite membranes with antifouling properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6865-6868. [PMID: 35621067 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the antifouling properties of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes containing two water-stable metal-organic cages (MOCs). The MOC-containing TFN membranes possess excellent antifouling properties against positively-charged foulants and protein (BSA, up to 99.7% water permeability retention) and achieve up to 100% water permeability recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Di Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Ziqi Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
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El-Sayed ESM, Yuan YD, Zhao D, Yuan D. Zirconium Metal-Organic Cages: Synthesis and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1546-1560. [PMID: 35579616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusFor the last two decades, materials scientists have contributed to a growing library of porous crystalline materials. These synthetic materials are typically extended networks, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), or discrete materials like metal-organic cages (MOCs) and porous organic cages (POCs). Advanced porous materials have shown promise for various applications due to their modular nature and structural tunability. MOCs have recently garnered attention because of their molecularity that bestows them with many unique possibilities (e.g., solution-processability, structural diversity, and postsynthetic processability).MOCs are discrete molecular assemblies of organic ligands coordinated with either metal cations or metal oxide clusters of different nuclearities, resulting in architectures with inherent porosity. Notably, the molecular nature of MOCs endows them with easy solution-processability unattainable with traditional framework materials. To date, a number of stable MOCs have been reported, such as those based on Rh (Rh-O bond energy: 405 ± 42 kJ/mol), Fe (Fe-O bond energy: 407.0 ± 1.0 kJ/mol), Cr (Cr-O bond energy: 461 ± 8.7 kJ/mol), Ti (Ti-O bond energy: 666.5 ± 5.6 kJ/mol), and Zr (Zr-O bond energy: 766.1 ± 10.6 kJ/mol). Paddle-wheel MOCs have also shown great stability in aqueous environments due to their rigid backbones. The zirconium MOC (Zr-MOCs) family emerges as a class of very robust cages for which their high bond energy endows them with high hydrothermal stability.In 2013, we reported the first four zirconocene tetrahedrons assembled from trinuclear zirconium oxide clusters with ditopic or tritopic organic ligands. Since then, significant progress in the rational design of Zr-MOC has led to an assortment of structures dedicated to meaningful applications.In this Account, we highlight the recent progress in synthesizing Zr-MOCs and Zr-MOC-based higher dimensional frameworks and their applications dedicated in our laboratories and beyond. The general Zr-MOC synthetic strategy involves assembling Zr trinuclear clusters with organic ligands (rigid or flexible) containing various functional groups. This chemistry has afforded cages with structural versatility and active sites, e.g., amino groups, for postsynthetic modifications (PSMs). Since the extrinsic porosity of cage-based frameworks is relatively weak, the resulting frameworks are susceptible to structural rearrangement after solvent removal. To circumvent this limitation, increasing the hydrogen bond ratio and strength between interlinked cages and conducting in situ catalytic polymerizations have been reported to afford permanently porous structures amenable to host-guest reactions.To expand their potential applications, multifunctional Zr-MOCs are highly desired. Such multivariate MOCs can be attained by either employing the isoreticular expansion strategy to create MOCs with high surface areas or using mixed-ligand approaches to afford heterogeneous MOCs. In addition, amorphous MOCs, flexible organic ligands, new functionalities, and MOC-based extended networks are exciting new approaches to developing materials with structural versatility and enhanced characteristics. Thereby, we believe the stability and versatility of the Zr-MOC family hold great potential in expanding and addressing challenging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, El Zohour Region, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Yi Di Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road, West Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Xu S, Li S, Guo X, Huang H, Qiao Z, Zhong C. Co-assembly of soluble metal–organic polyhedrons for high-flux thin-film nanocomposite membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yang Z, Li D, Ao D, Ma C, Li N, Sun Y, Qiao Z, Zhong C, Guiver MD. Self-supported membranes fabricated by a polymer‒hydrogen bonded network with a rigidified MOF framework. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Khobotov‐Bakishev A, Hernández‐López L, von Baeckmann C, Albalad J, Carné‐Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Metal-Organic Polyhedra as Building Blocks for Porous Extended Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104753. [PMID: 35119223 PMCID: PMC9008419 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are a subclass of coordination cages that can adsorb and host species in solution and are permanently porous in solid-state. These characteristics, together with the recent development of their orthogonal surface chemistry and the assembly of more stable cages, have awakened the latent potential of MOPs to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of extended porous networks. This review article focuses on exploring the key developments that make the extension of MOPs possible, highlighting the most remarkable examples of MOP-based soft materials and crystalline extended frameworks. Finally, the article ventures to offer future perspectives on the exploitation of MOPs in fields that still remain ripe toward the use of such unorthodox molecular porous platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akim Khobotov‐Bakishev
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Laura Hernández‐López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Jorge Albalad
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of ChemistryThe University of AdelaideNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia5000Australia
| | - Arnau Carné‐Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Pg. Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
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