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Henkensmeier D, Cho WC, Jannasch P, Stojadinovic J, Li Q, Aili D, Jensen JO. Separators and Membranes for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6393-6443. [PMID: 38669641 PMCID: PMC11117188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) uses diaphragms to separate anode and cathode and is operated with 5-7 M KOH feed solutions. The ban of asbestos diaphragms led to the development of polymeric diaphragms, which are now the state of the art material. A promising alternative is the ion solvating membrane. Recent developments show that high conductivities can also be obtained in 1 M KOH. A third technology is based on anion exchange membranes (AEM); because these systems use 0-1 M KOH feed solutions to balance the trade-off between conductivity and the AEM's lifetime in alkaline environment, it makes sense to treat them separately as AEM WE. However, the lifetime of AEM increased strongly over the last 10 years, and some electrode-related issues like oxidation of the ionomer binder at the anode can be mitigated by using KOH feed solutions. Therefore, AWE and AEM WE may get more similar in the future, and this review focuses on the developments in polymeric diaphragms, ion solvating membranes, and AEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen
· Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST
Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Cho
- Department
of Future Energy Convergence, Seoul National
University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer
& Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Qingfeng Li
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Aili
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Oluf Jensen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Wang N, Zuo T, Liu K, Wei X, Hu S, Che Q. Enhancing Hydroxide Conductivity at Subzero Temperature of Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Imidazolium Modified Metal Organic Frameworks. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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3
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Tian L, Li J, Liu Q, Ma W, Wang F, Zhu H, Wang Z. Cross-Linked Anion-Exchange Membranes with Dipole-Containing Cross-Linkers Based on Poly(terphenyl isatin piperidinium) Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39343-39353. [PMID: 35997247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To balance the ionic conductivity and dimensional stability of anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), several cross-linked ether-free poly(terphenyl isatin piperidinium) copolymers were synthesized using 1,2-bis(2-aminoethoxy)ethane as a cross-linker. By introducing an alkyl diamine-based hydrophobic cross-linker as a control, the effects of the dipolar-molecule-containing cross-linker on the comprehensive performance of the membranes were investigated. Cation-dipole interactions between the cations and the hydrophilic ethylene oxide cross-linker enhance the self-assembly capability of the cationic groups. The introduction of the rotatable ethylene oxide cross-linker facilitates the flexibility of the cross-linked networks, thereby promoting hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation and inhibiting excessive swelling of the corresponding AEMs simultaneously. The resulting PTPBHIN-O19 membrane showed a high hydroxide conductivity (151.69 mS cm-1) and low swelling ratio (10.53%) at 80 °C. Furthermore, owing to the cross-linked structure and ether-free polymer backbone with high alkali resistance, the membranes treated in 3 M NaOH at 80 °C for 1600 h maintained ≥85% of their hydroxide conductivity, indicating excellent alkaline stability. A H2/O2 fuel cell based on the PTPBHIN-O19 AEM exhibited a maximum power density of 398 mW cm-2 at 515 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Zhao Z, Zhang M, Du W, Xiao Y, Yang Z, Dong D, Zhang X, Fan M. Strong and Flexible High-Performance Anion Exchange Membranes with Long-Distance Interconnected Ion Transport Channels for Alkaline Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38132-38143. [PMID: 35971597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), which operate on a variety of green fuels, can achieve high power without emitting greenhouse gases. However, the lack of high ionic conductivity and long-term durability of anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) as their key components is a major obstacle hindering the commercial application of AEMFCs. Here, a series of homogeneous semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) AEMs formed by cross-linking a copolymer of styrene (St) and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) were designed. The pure carbon copolymer skeleton without sulfone/ether bonds accompanied by the semi-IPN endows the AEMs with excellent chemical stability. Moreover, the cross-linking effect of flexible BPEI chains is supposed to promote the "strong-flexible" mechanical properties, while the presence of multiquaternary ammonium groups can boost the formation of microphase separation, thereby enhancing the ionic conductivity of these AEMs. Consequently, the optimized (S1V1)3Q AEM exhibits an excellent hydroxide conductivity of 106 mS cm-1 at 80 °C, as well as more than 81% residual conductivity after soaking in 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 720 h. Furthermore, the H2/O2 fuel cell assembled with (S1V1)3Q AEM delivers a peak power density of 150.2 mW cm-2 at 60 °C and 40% relative humidity. All results indicate that the approach of combining a pure carbon backbone polymer with a semi-IPN structure may be a viable strategy for fabricating AEMs that can be used in AEMFCs for long-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhao
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Du
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Xiao
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Dong
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Fan
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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Simultaneous improvement of anion conductivity and cell durability through the formation of dense ion clusters of F-doped graphitic carbon nitride/quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) composite membrane. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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