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Filice S, Scuderi V, Scalese S. Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer (Nexar TM) for Water Remediation and Other Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2009. [PMID: 39065326 PMCID: PMC11280590 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer commercialized as NexarTM in water purification applications. The properties and the use of sulfonated copolymers, in general, and of NexarTM, in particular, are described within a brief reference focusing on the problem of different water contaminants, purification technologies, and the use of nanomaterials and nanocomposites for water treatment. In addition to desalination and pervaporation processes, adsorption and photocatalytic processes are also considered here. The reported results confirm the possibility of using NexarTM as a matrix for embedded nanoparticles, exploiting their performance in adsorption and photocatalytic processes and preventing their dispersion in the environment. Furthermore, the reported antimicrobial and antibiofouling properties of NexarTM make it a promising material for achieving active coatings that are able to enhance commercial filter lifetime and performance. The coated filters show selective and efficient removal of cationic contaminants in filtration processes, which is not observed with a bare commercial filter. The UV surface treatment and/or the addition of nanostructures such as graphene oxide (GO) flakes confer NexarTM with coating additional functionalities and activity. Finally, other application fields of this polymer are reported, i.e., energy and/or gas separation, suggesting its possible use as an efficient and economical alternative to the more well-known Nafion polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Filice
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada n.5, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Silvia Scalese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada n.5, 95121 Catania, Italy;
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Kodir A, Woo S, Shin SH, So S, Man Yu D, Lee H, Shin D, Lee JY, Park SH, Bae B. Poly(p-phenylene)-based membranes with cerium for chemically durable polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26680. [PMID: 38434046 PMCID: PMC10906415 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A poly(p-phenylene)-based multiblock polymer is developed with an oligomeric chain extender and cerium (CE-sPP-PPES + Ce3+) to realize better performance and durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The membrane performance is evaluated in single cells at 80 °C and at 100% and 50% relative humidity (RH). The accelerated stability test is conducted 90 °C and 30% RH, during which linear sweep voltammetry and hydrogen permeation detection are monitored periodically. Results demonstrate that the proton conductivity of the pristine hydrocarbon membranes is superior to that of PFSA membranes, and the hydrogen crossover is significantly lower. In addition, a composite membrane containing cerium performs similarly to a pristine membrane, particularly at low RH levels. Adding cerium to CE-sPP-PPES + Ce3+ membranes improves their chemical durability significantly, with an open circuit voltage decay rate of only 89 μV/h for 1000 h. The hydrogen crossover is maintained across accelerated stability tests, as confirmed by hydrogen detection and crossover current density. The short-circuit resistance indicates that membrane thinning is less likely to occur. Collectively, these results demonstrate that a hydrocarbon membrane with cerium is a potential alternative for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kodir
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Seunghee Woo
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Shin
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Soonyong So
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Duk Man Yu
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hee Park
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
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Yadav V, Wijaya F, Lee H, Bae B, Shin D. Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyphenylene Block Copolymers via In Situ Generation of Ni(0). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061577. [PMID: 36987357 PMCID: PMC10058434 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) fabricated from sulfonated polyphenylenes (sPP) exhibit superior proton conductivity and electrochemical performance. However, the Ni(0) catalyst required for Colon's cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of sPP block copolymers is expensive. Therefore, in this study, we generated Ni(0) in situ from an inexpensive Ni(II) salt in the presence of the reducing metal Zn and NaI. The sPP block copolymers were synthesized from neopentyl-protected 3,5- and 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonates and oligo(arylene ether ketone) using the catalyst NiBr2(PPh3)2. The block copolymers synthesized using our strategy and the Ni(0) catalyst exhibited comparable polydispersity index values and high molecular weights. Thin, transparent, and bendable PEMs fabricated using selected high-molecular-weight sPP block copolymers synthesized via our strategy exhibited similar proton conductivities to those of the block copolymers synthesized using the Ni(0) catalyst. We believe that our strategy will promote the synthesis of similar multifunctional block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Yadav
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Farid Wijaya
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
- Hydrogen Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
- Hydrogen Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
- Hydrogen Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Piñón-Balderrama CI, Leyva-Porras C, Conejo-Dávila AS, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Sulfonated Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, Self-Assembly Morphologies, and Recent Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235081. [PMID: 36501479 PMCID: PMC9740409 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research based on the self-assembly behavior of block copolymers (BCs) comprising charged-neutral segments has emerged as a novel strategy mainly looking for the optimization of efficiency in the generation and storage of electrical energy. The sulfonation reaction re- presents one of the most commonly employed methodologies by scientific investigations to reach the desired amphiphilic character, leading to enough ion concentration to modify and control the entire self-assembly behavior of the BCs. Recently, several works have studied and exploited these changes, inducing improvement on the mechanical properties, ionic conduction capabilities, colloidal solubility, interface activity, and stabilization of dispersed particles, among others. This review aims to present a description of recent works focused on obtaining amphiphilic block copolymers, specifically those that were synthesized by a living/controlled polymerization method and that have introduced the amphiphilic character by the sulfonation of one of the segments. Additionally, relevant works that have evidenced morphological and/or structural changes regarding the pristine BC as a result of the chemical modification are discussed. Finally, several emerging practical applications are analyzed to highlight the main drawbacks and challenges that should be addressed to overcome the development and understanding of these complex systems.
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Synthesis of Metalorganic Copolymers Containing Various Contorted Units and Iron(II) Clathrochelates with Lateral Butyl Chains: Conspicuous Adsorbents of Lithium Ions and Methylene Blue. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163394. [PMID: 36015650 PMCID: PMC9412635 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of three highly soluble metalorganic copolymers, TCP1-3, that were made from a one-pot complexation of iron(II) clathrochelate units that are interconnected by various thioether-containing contorted groups. TCP1-3 were converted into their poly(vinyl sulfone) derivatives OTCP1-3 quantitatively via the selective oxidation of the thioether moieties into their respective sulfones. All of the copolymers, TCP1-3 and OTCP1-3, underwent structural analysis by various techniques; namely, 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The copolymers were tested as potent lithium ions adsorbents revealing a maximum adsorption (qm) value of 2.31 mg g-1 for OTCP2. Furthermore, this same copolymer was found to be a promising adsorbent of methylene blue (MEB); an isothermal adsorption study divulged that OTCP2's uptake of MEB from an aqueous solution (following the Langmuir model) was, at maximum adsorption capacity, (qm) of 480.77 mg g-1; whereas the kinetic study divulged that the adsorption follows pseudo second-order kinetics with an equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe,cal) of 45.40 mg g-1.
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Oroujzadeh M, Mehdipour‐Ataei S. Evaluation of properties and performance of poly(ether sulfone ketone) membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oroujzadeh
- Faculty of Polymer Science, Department of Polyurethane and Advanced Materials Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Mehdipour‐Ataei
- Faculty of Polymer Science, Department of Polyurethane and Advanced Materials Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
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