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Allegri G, Huskens J, Martinho RP, Lindhoud S. Distribution of polyelectrolytes and counterions upon polyelectrolyte complexation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:654-663. [PMID: 38865879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding polyelectrolyte complexation remains limited due to the absence of a systematic methodology for analyzing the distribution of components between the polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) and the dilute phases. EXPERIMENTS We developed a methodology based on NMR to quantify all components of solid-like PECs and their supernatant phases formed by mixing different ratios of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid)-sodium salt (PAA). This approach allowed for determining relative and absolute concentrations of polyelectrolytes in both phases by 1H NMR studies. Using 23Na and 35Cl NMR spectroscopy we measured the concentration of counterions in both phases. FINDINGS Regardless of the mixing ratio of the polyelectrolytes the PEC is charge-stoichiometric, and any excess polyelectrolytes to achieve charge stoichiometry remains in the supernatant phase. The majority of counterions were found in the supernatant phase, confirming counterion release being a major thermodynamic driving force for PEC formation. The counterion concentrations in the PEC phase were approximately twice as high as in the supernatant phase. The complete mass balance of PEC formation could be determined and translated into a molecular picture. It appears that PAH is fully charged, while PAA is more protonated, so less charged, and some 10% extrinsic PAH-Cl- pairs are present in the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Allegri
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Department for Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute & Faculty of Science Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Department for Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute & Faculty of Science Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Ricardo P Martinho
- Biomolecular Nanotechnology Group, Department for Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute & Faculty of Science Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Saskia Lindhoud
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, Department for Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute & Faculty of Science Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Krishna B A, de Vos WM, Lindhoud S. Control over Charge Density by Tuning the Polyelectrolyte Type and Monomer Ratio in Saloplastic-Based Ion-Exchange Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6874-6884. [PMID: 37126784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Membranes based on polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) can now be prepared through several sustainable, organic solvent-free approaches. A recently developed approach allows PECs made by stoichiometric mixing of polyelectrolytes to be hot-pressed into dense saloplastics, which then function as ion-exchange membranes. An important advantage of PECs is that tuning their properties can provide significant control over the properties of the fabricated materials, and thus over their separation properties. This work studies the effects of two key parameters─(a) ratio of mixing and (b) choice of polyelectrolytes─on the mechanical, material, and separation properties of their corresponding hot-pressed saloplastic-based ion-exchange membranes. By varying these two main parameters, charge density─the key property of any IEM─was found to be controllable. While studying several systems, including strong/strong, strong/weak, and weak/weak combinations of polyelectrolytes, it was observed that not all systems could be processed into saloplastic membranes. For the processable systems, expected trends were observed where a higher excess of one polyelectrolyte would lead to a more charged system, resulting in higher water uptake and better permselectivities. An anomaly was the polystyrenesulfonate-polyvinylamine system, which showed an opposite trend with a higher polycation ratio, leading to a more negative charge. Overall, we have found that it is possible to successfully fabricate saloplastic-based anion- and cation-exchange membranes with tunable charge densities through careful choice of polyelectrolyte combination and ratio of mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Krishna B
- Membrane Surface Science, Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecules and Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M de Vos
- Membrane Surface Science, Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Lindhoud
- Department of Molecules and Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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Zairov RR, Dovzhenko AP, Podyachev SN, Sudakova SN, Kornev TA, Shvedova AE, Masliy AN, Syakaev VV, Alekseev IS, Vatsouro IM, Mambetova GS, Lapaev DV, Nizameev IR, Enrichi F, Kuznetsov AM, Kovalev VV, Mustafina AR. Role of PSS-based assemblies in stabilization of Eu and Sm luminescent complexes and their thermoresponsive luminescence. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112664. [PMID: 35780611 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work introduces self-assembled polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) molecules as soft nanocapsules for incorporation of Eu3+-Sm3+ complexes by the solvent exchange procedure. The high levels of Eu3+- and Sm3+-luminescence of the complexes derives from the ligand-to-metal energy transfer, in turn, resulted from the complex formation of Eu3+and Sm3+ ions with the three recently synthesized cyclophanic 1,3-diketones. The structural features of the ligands are optimized for the high thermal sensitivity of Eu3+- luminescence in DMF solutions. The PSS-nanocapsules (∼100 nm) provide both colloid and chemical stabilization of the ultrasmall (3-5 nm) nanoprecipitates of the complexes, although their luminescence spectra patterns and excited state lifetimes differ from the values measured for the complexes in DMF solutions. The specific concentration ratio of the Eu3+-Sm3+ complexes in the DMF solutions allows to tune the intensity ratio of the luminescence bands at 612 and 650 nm in the heterometallic Eu3+-Sm3+ colloids. The thermal sensitivity of the Eu3+- and Sm3+-luminescence of the complexes derives from the static quenching both in PSS-colloids and in DMF solutions, while the thermo-induced dynamic quenching of the luminescence is significant only in DMF solutions. The reversibility of thermo-induced luminescence changes of the Eu3+-Sm3+ colloids is demonstrated by six heating-cooling cycles. The DLS measurements before and after the six cycles reveal the invariance of the PSS-based capsule as the prerequisite for the recyclability of the temperature monitoring through the ratio of Eu3+-to- Sm3+ luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem R Zairov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey P Dovzhenko
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N Podyachev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana N Sudakova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Timur A Kornev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya E Shvedova
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey N Masliy
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Victor V Syakaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan S Alekseev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan M Vatsouro
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gulnaz Sh Mambetova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Lapaev
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irek R Nizameev
- Kazan National Research Technical University, A.N. Tupolev - KAI, 10, K. Marx str., Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Francesco Enrichi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; CNR-ISP, Institute of Polar Science of the National Research Council, via Torino 155, 30174 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Andrey M Kuznetsov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Kovalev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Asiya R Mustafina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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