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Henkensmeier D, Cho WC, Jannasch P, Stojadinovic J, Li Q, Aili D, Jensen JO. Separators and Membranes for Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6393-6443. [PMID: 38669641 PMCID: PMC11117188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) uses diaphragms to separate anode and cathode and is operated with 5-7 M KOH feed solutions. The ban of asbestos diaphragms led to the development of polymeric diaphragms, which are now the state of the art material. A promising alternative is the ion solvating membrane. Recent developments show that high conductivities can also be obtained in 1 M KOH. A third technology is based on anion exchange membranes (AEM); because these systems use 0-1 M KOH feed solutions to balance the trade-off between conductivity and the AEM's lifetime in alkaline environment, it makes sense to treat them separately as AEM WE. However, the lifetime of AEM increased strongly over the last 10 years, and some electrode-related issues like oxidation of the ionomer binder at the anode can be mitigated by using KOH feed solutions. Therefore, AWE and AEM WE may get more similar in the future, and this review focuses on the developments in polymeric diaphragms, ion solvating membranes, and AEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen
· Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST
Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Cho
- Department
of Future Energy Convergence, Seoul National
University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer
& Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Qingfeng Li
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Aili
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Oluf Jensen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Ling Q, Wang C, Wang T, Yang S, Li X, Wei H, Ding Y. Beyond Small Molecular Cations: Elucidating the Alkaline Stability of Cationic Moieties at the Membrane Scale. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301656. [PMID: 38102888 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A major hindrance in the commercialization of alkaline polyelectrolyte-based electrochemical energy conversion devices is the development of durable anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Despite many alkali-stable cations that have been explored, the stability of these cationic moieties at the membrane scale is in the blind. Herein, we present a molecularly designed polyaromatic AEM with cationic moieties in an alternating manner to unbiasedly compare the alkaline stability of piperidinium and ammonium groups at the membrane state. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the pentyltrimethyl group is about 2-fold more stable than piperidinium within a polyaromatic scaffold, either in ex-situ alkaline soaking or in-situ cell operation. This finding challenges the judgment extrapolated from the stability trend of cations, that is, the piperidinium-functionalized AEM is more alkali-stable than the counterparts based on quaternary ammoniums. Moreover, the deterioration mechanism of piperidinium moiety after being embedded in polyaromatic backbone is rationalized by density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Ling
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shanzhong Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Haibing Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Wang F, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhu H. Study on AEMs with Excellent Comprehensive Performance Prepared by Covalently Cross-Linked p-Triphenyl with SEBS Remotely Grafted Piperidine Cations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7894-7903. [PMID: 38300277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of SEBS-C6-PIP-yPTP (y = 0-15%) AEMs with good mechanical and chemical stability were prepared by combining the strong rigidity of p-triphenyl, good toughness of SEBS, and excellent stability of PIP cations. After the introduction of a p-triphenyl polymer into the main chain, a clear hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation structure was constructed within the membrane, forming a continuous and interconnected ion transport channel to improve ion transport efficiency. Moreover, the molecular chains of the cross-linked AEMs change from chain-like to network-like, and the tighter binding between each molecule increases the tensile strength. The special structure of the six-membered ring makes PIP have a significant constraint effect; when nucleophilic substitution and Hoffman elimination occur at the α and β positions, the required transition state potential energy increases, making the reaction difficult to occur and improving the alkaline stability of the polymer membrane. The SEBS-C6-PIP-15%PTP membrane has the best mechanical properties (Ts = 38.79 MPa, Eb = 183.09% at 80 °C, 100% RH), the highest ion conductivity (102.02 mS. cm-1 at 80 °C), and the best alkaline stability (6.23% degradation at 80 °C in a 2 M NaOH solution for 1400 h). It can be seen that organic-organic covalent cross-linking is an effective means to improve the comprehensive performance of AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaonan Sun
- China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102201, China
| | - Hanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Motoishi Y, Tanaka N, Fujigaya T. Postmodification of highly delocalized cations in an azide-based polymer via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition for anion exchange membranes. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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