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Su X, Chen X, Wang B. Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11025-11035. [PMID: 36097119 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As shown in the previous studies, hypothyroidism (HT) is identified to be closely associated with the elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and with the decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the thyroid hormone (TH), which has been considered as a vital hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, are well-established to regulate the metabolism of plasma TC; whereas other evidence proposed that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also regulated the plasma cholesterol metabolism independently of the TH, which further promotes the progression of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism is still not illustrated. It is worth noting that several studies has found that the progression of HT-induced hyperlipidemia might be associated with the down-regulated plasma levels of TH and the up-regulated plasma levels of TSH, revealing that HT could promote hyperlipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Otherwise, multiple novel identified plasma proteins, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have also been demonstrated to embrace a vital function in modulating the progression of hyperlipidemia induced by HT. In the present comprehensive review, the recent findings which elucidated the association of HT and the progression of hyperlipidemia were summarized. Furthermore, other results which illustrated the underlying mechanisms by which HT facilitates the progression of hyperlipidemia and its cardio-metabolic disorders are also listed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Kirlangic MM, Eraslan Sahin M, Sahin E, Madendag Y, Col Madendag I, Akdemir E, Vural Yalman M. First-trimester maternal serum betatrophin levels are decreased in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta 2022; 124:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
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Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 527:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wu J, Li A, Cai H, Zhang C, Lei C, Lan X, Chen H. Intron retention as an alternative splice variant of the cattle ANGPTL6 gene. Gene 2019; 709:17-24. [PMID: 31102716 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 6, which is encoded by ANGPTL6 gene (also known as angiopoietin growth factor, AGF), has been extensively characterized with regard to its proposed functions as angiogenesis and energy metabolism. The present results showed the occurrence of alternative splicing by intron retention (IR) event in the bovine ANGPTL6 gene (bANGPTL6). By means of RT-PCR, TA clone and sequencing, we have shown that the bANGPTL6 gene has a splice variant generated by the retention of its partial intron 3. The computational analysis of the bANGPTL6 genomic sequence showed that its intron 3 has a high percentage of GC (62.31%) and a length of 199 nt, characteristics that have been associated with an IR event. The IR event does not interfere with the coding region as the bANGPTL6 prepropeptide is entirely coded in the third exon. Additionally, both the intronless (namely, bANGPTL6α) and intron-retaining (namely, bANGPTL6β) ANGPTL6 transcripts are constitutively co-expressed in the bovine liver. Further, the relative expression level of different variants in liver was tested by both semi-RT-PCR and RT-qPCR methods. The results suggested bANGPTL6β are significantly higher than bANGPTL6α. Overall, our findings will be helpful for studies on the molecular mechanism of IR events and the functions of ANGPTL6 gene. Specially, bANGPTL6β gene probably contributes to a new target for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Hanfang Cai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Chenge Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Ren R, Ma Y, Deng F, Li T, Wang H, Wei J, Jiang X, He M, Tian M, Liu D, Chen B, Deng W. Association between serum TSH levels and metabolic components in euthyroid subjects: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1563-1569. [PMID: 31686877 PMCID: PMC6709806 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s202769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a relationship exists between various metabolic factors and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in euthyroid persons remains unknown. This study aims to explore the relationship between TSH levels and metabolic factors in euthyroid individuals. METHODS A total of 2,663 subjects were enrolled from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional survey of iodine nutrition, thyroid disease and diabetes in China (2014-2017). Euthyroid individuals were divided into four groups according to quartiles of TSH levels: group A (n=305, 0.3-1.3 mIU/L), group B (n=829, 1.3-2.2 mIU/L), group C (n=673, 2.2-3.2 mIU/L) and group D (n=349, 3.2-4.2 mIU/L). Anthropometric parameters, biochemical indicators and TSH levels were determined. RESULTS A total of 2,156 euthyroid subjects with serum TSH levels within the normal range accounted for 86.8% of the sample. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) in group D was significantly higher than that in the other three groups. Group C displayed significantly lower thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels than the other three groups. Group C also had lower anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels than groups A and D, whereas the TgAb levels in group B were only lower than those in group A. Spearman's or Pearson's linear regression analysis showed that SBP (r=0.054; P=0.013) was positively correlated with TSH, but cholesterol (TC) (r=-0.043, P=0.047) was negatively correlated with TSH. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that SBP, the urinary iodine concentration (UIC), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), TC, triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independent predictors of serum TSH levels. CONCLUSION This large population-based study demonstrates a significant interaction between metabolic factors and TSH levels. An adverse weight status, high blood pressure levels, blood lipid metabolism disorder and excessive iodine intake may be early manifestations of thyroid disease in euthyroid subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, PLA, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wuquan DengDepartment of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, No. 1 Jiankang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 236 369 2185Email
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Timur B, Tuncer SF, Bodur S, Timur H, Tokmak A, Gucel F, Altay M. Serum betatrophin/angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) levels in pregnancies affected by hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 225:221-227. [PMID: 29754072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between serum betatrophin levels and hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine and understand the alterations in serum betatrophin levels in pregnancies complicated by HEG compared with unaffected normal pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN A cohort study was carried out to evaluate serum betatrophin levels in patients with HEG. Serum betatrophin concentrations were measured with other metabolic markers for lipids and glucose metabolism in 40 singleton pregnancies affected by HEG and 40 gestational age- and body mass index-matched controls. RESULTS The serum betatrophin concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women with HEG than in the controls (1000 [600-1100] vs. 900 [500-1000] pg/ml, p = 0.003). The serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly higher in patients with HEG than in the healthy counterparts at the first trimester of pregnancy (158.5 ± 29.4 vs. 143.8 ± 29.7 mg/dl and 47.3 ± 14.2 vs. 40.1 ± 8.6 mg/dl, p = 0.031 and p = 0.007, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC) indicative of the betatrophin value for discriminating HEG patients was 0.690 (95% CI: 0.574-0.806, p = 0.003). The optimal cutoff value was 976 pg/ml with a sensitivity of 50% (95% CI: 33.80-66.20%) and a specificity of 82.5% (95% CI: 67.22-92.66%). We also found a positive correlation between betatrophin levels and HDL-C (r = 0.311; p = 0.005). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that increased levels of betatrophin and HDL-C were risk factors for HEG with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 4.884 (1.589-15.009) and 5.346 (1.044-27.366), respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that serum betatrophin concentrations were increased in pregnancies affected by HEG. Furthermore, HDL-C levels seem to be associated with alterations in serum betatrophin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Timur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Fırtına Tuncer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bodur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Timur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Perinatology, Ordu University Training and Research Hospital, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Funda Gucel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Altay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Zielińska A, Maciulewski R, Siewko K, Popławska-Kita A, Lipińska D, Kozłowska G, Górska M, Szelachowska M. Levels of betatrophin decrease during pregnancy despite increased insulin resistance, beta-cell function and triglyceride levels. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:409-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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