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Perazzolo S. SAAM II: A general mathematical modeling rapid prototyping environment. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:1088-1102. [PMID: 38863172 PMCID: PMC11247119 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulation Analysis and Modeling II (SAAM II) is a graphical modeling software used in life sciences for compartmental model analysis, particularly, but not exclusively, appreciated in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), metabolism, and tracer modeling. Its intuitive "circles and arrows" visuals allow users to easily build, solve, and fit compartmental models without the need for coding. It is suitable for rapid prototyping of models for complex kinetic analysis or PK/PD problems, and in educating students and non-modelers. Although it is straightforward in design, SAAM II incorporates sophisticated algorithms programmed in C to address ordinary differential equations, deal with complex systems via forcing functions, conduct multivariable regression featuring the Bayesian maximum a posteriori, perform identifiability and sensitivity analyses, and offer reporting functionalities, all within a single package. After 26 years from the last SAAM II tutorial paper, we demonstrate here SAAM II's updated applicability to current life sciences challenges. We review its features and present four contemporary case studies, including examples in target-mediated PK/PD, CAR-T-cell therapy, viral dynamics, and transmission models in epidemiology. Through such examples, we demonstrate that SAAM II provides a suitable interface for rapid model selection and prototyping. By enabling the fast creation of detailed mathematical models, SAAM II addresses a unique requirement within the mathematical modeling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perazzolo
- Nanomath LLC, Spokane, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wang J, Kockx M, Bolek M, Lambert T, Sullivan D, Chow V, Kritharides L. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, remnant cholesterol, and apolipoproteins CII, CIII, and E in patients with schizophrenia. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100577. [PMID: 38879166 PMCID: PMC11304881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show a disproportionally increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertriglyceridemia is prevalent in this population; however, how this relates to levels of remnant cholesterol, triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein (TRL) particle size and composition, TG turnover, and apolipoprotein (apo) and angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) concentrations is unknown. Fasting levels of cholesterol (total [TC], LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C and remnant cholesterol) and TG were determined in 110 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 46 healthy controls. TRL particle size, concentration and composition, and β-hydroxybutyrate (TG turnover marker) were assessed by NMR. Levels of apoCII, apoCIII, apoE, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 were measured by ELISA, and apoCII, apoCIII and apoE were further evaluated in HDL and non-HDL fractions. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly elevated TG, TG:apoB ratio, non-HDL-C, remnant cholesterol, non-HDL-apoCII and non-HDL-apoCIII, and HDL-apoE (all P < 0.05), lower HDL-C and apoA-I (all P < 0.001), and comparable apoB, TC, TC:apoB ratio, LDL-C, β-hydroxybutyrate, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 to healthy controls. Patients had a 12.0- and 2.5-fold increase in the concentration of large and medium TRL particles respectively, but similar cholesterol:TG ratio within each particle. Plasma TG, remnant cholesterol, and large and medium TRL particle concentrations correlated strongly with apoCII, apoCIII, and apoE in the non-HDL fraction, and with apoCIII and apoE in the HDL fraction in patients with schizophrenia. Differences in TG, HDL-C, TRL particle concentrations, apoCIII, and apoE persisted after adjustment for conventional risk factors. These results are consistent with impaired TRL lipolysis and clearance in patients with schizophrenia which may be responsive to targeting apoCIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wang
- Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Magdalena Bolek
- Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Lambert
- Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Collaborative Centre for Cardiometabolic Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Central Clinical Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vincent Chow
- Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Collaborative Centre for Cardiometabolic Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Gondim KC, Majerowicz D. Lipophorin: The Lipid Shuttle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38874888 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Insects need to transport lipids through the aqueous medium of the hemolymph to the organs in demand, after they are absorbed by the intestine or mobilized from the lipid-producing organs. Lipophorin is a lipoprotein present in insect hemolymph, and is responsible for this function. A single gene encodes an apolipoprotein that is cleaved to generate apolipophorin I and II. These are the essential protein constituents of lipophorin. In some physiological conditions, a third apolipoprotein of different origin may be present. In most insects, lipophorin transports mainly diacylglycerol and hydrocarbons, in addition to phospholipids. The fat body synthesizes and secretes lipophorin into the hemolymph, and several signals, such as nutritional, endocrine, or external agents, can regulate this process. However, the main characteristic of lipophorin is the fact that it acts as a reusable shuttle, distributing lipids between organs without being endocytosed or degraded in this process. Lipophorin interacts with tissues through specific receptors of the LDL receptor superfamily, although more recent results have shown that other proteins may also be involved. In this chapter, we describe the lipophorin structure in terms of proteins and lipids, in addition to reviewing what is known about lipoprotein synthesis and regulation. In addition, we reviewed the results investigating lipophorin's function in the movement of lipids between organs and the function of lipophorin receptors in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - David Majerowicz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zeng Y, Wen S, Huan L, Xiong L, Zhong B, Wang P. Association of ApoE gene polymorphisms with serum lipid levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese Han population of central China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15226. [PMID: 37123009 PMCID: PMC10135405 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is involved in lipid transformation and metabolism. Although some studies have examined the association between ApoE polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the findings differ depending on the location and population. Methods A total of 1,738 participants, including 743 patients with T2DM and 995 controls without T2DM, were enrolled from central China, and ApoE polymorphisms, 388T > C (rs429358) and 526C > T (rs7412), were genotyped. The association between ApoE alleles and T2DM and blood lipid levels was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the interactions between ApoE polymorphisms and various factors, such as age, sex, and prevalence of hypertension in patients with T2DM. Results The genotype ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4 alleles of ApoE were associated with T2DM risk in the Chinese Han population in central China. Moreover, in patients with T2DM, participants in the E4 (ɛ3/ɛ4, ɛ4/ɛ4) group had significantly higher lipid profiles than those in the E3 (ɛ3/ɛ3) group, whereas participants in the E2 group (ɛ2/ɛ2, ɛ2/ɛ3) showed lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ApoE-A1 levels than those in the E3 (ɛ3/ɛ3) group. The results from the current study may help in understanding ApoE polymorphisms and lipid profiles in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Huan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Botao Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengyun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhou J, Lin Y, Yang X, Shen B, Hao J, Wang J, Wang J. Metabolic disorders sensitise endometrial carcinoma through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:110. [PMID: 36526973 PMCID: PMC9756454 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorder is considered a well-established risk factor for endometrial carcinoma (EC). However, the mechanism remains unclear. Insulin resistance and excessive flux of free fatty acids serve as fundamental pathogenic factors in metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to test the correlation between insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in EC and to determine the effect of insulin and saturated fatty acids on EC cells. METHODS A retrospective study on the medical records of patients with EC and RNA-seq from the TCGA database analysed with edgR and Gene Ontology (GO) were used to assess the correlation of dyslipidaemia and diabetes as well as obesity. Crystal violet assays and CCK-8 assays were used to detect the proliferation of EC cells, and Annexin V-PI was used to examine apoptosis. Transient changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored via confocal microscopy. DNA damage was assessed by comet assays. Changes in signalling pathways were detected via phospho-kinase array. western blotting was used to assess the molecular changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA damage. RESULTS We found that glucose metabolism disorders accompanied dyslipidaemia in patients with EC. As a key regulator of glucose metabolism disorders, insulin promoted DNA damage, ROS and Ca2+ homoeostasis imbalance in a panel of established EC cell lines. Interestingly, excessive insulin boosted saturated fatty acid-induced pro-apoptotic effects in EC cells. Furthermore, our data showed that insulin synergised with saturated fatty acids to activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase/70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (mTOR/p70S6K) pathway and ER stress, resulting in Ca2+ release from ER and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation, which contributed to combined insulin and saturated fatty acid treatment-induced apoptosis and tumour progression. CONCLUSIONS Our data are the first to illustrate that impaired glucose metabolism accelerates dyslipidaemia-promoted EC progression, which is attributed to hyperinsulinaemia and saturated fatty acid-induced Ca2+ dyshomoeostasis and UPR activation in EC cells via ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yanying Lin
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China ,grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Center of Reproductive Medicine, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China ,grid.459516.aFujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Boqiang Shen
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Juan Hao
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders Disease, Beijing, 100044 China
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Glavinovic T, Thanassoulis G, de Graaf J, Couture P, Hegele RA, Sniderman AD. Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025858. [PMID: 36216435 PMCID: PMC9673669 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society stated that apolipoprotein B (apoB) was a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Since then, the evidence has continued to mount in favor of apoB. This review explicates the physiological mechanisms responsible for the superiority of apoB as a marker of the cardiovascular risk attributable to the atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles chylomicron remnants, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein particles. First, the nature and relative numbers of these different apoB particles will be outlined. This will make clear why low-density lipoprotein particles are almost always the major determinants of cardiovascular risk and why the concentrations of triglycerides and LDL-C may obscure this relation. Next, the mechanisms that govern the number of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be outlined because, except for dysbetalipoproteinemia, the total number of apoB particles determines cardiovascular risk, Then, the mechanisms that govern the cholesterol mass within very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be reviewed because these are responsible for the discordance between the mass of cholesterol within apoB particles, measured either as LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the number of apoB particles measured as apoB, which creates the superior predictive power of apoB over LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Finally, the major apoB dyslipoproteinemias will be briefly outlined. Our objective is to provide a physiological framework for health care givers to understand why apoB is a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Glavinovic
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Mike and Valeria Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- University of Nijmegen Radboud University Medical CenterDepartment of General Internal MedicineNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Couture
- Université LavalCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de QuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Allan D. Sniderman
- Mike and Valeria Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
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Salvador AF, Shyu CR, Parks EJ. Measurement of lipid flux to advance translational research: evolution of classic methods to the future of precision health. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1348-1353. [PMID: 36075949 PMCID: PMC9534914 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 70 years, the study of lipid metabolism has led to important discoveries in identifying the underlying mechanisms of chronic diseases. Advances in the use of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry in humans have expanded our knowledge of target molecules that contribute to pathologies and lipid metabolic pathways. These advances have been leveraged within two research paths, leading to the ability (1) to quantitate lipid flux to understand the fundamentals of human physiology and pathology and (2) to perform untargeted analyses of human blood and tissues derived from a single timepoint to identify lipidomic patterns that predict disease. This review describes the physiological and analytical parameters that influence these measurements and how these issues will propel the coming together of the two fields of metabolic tracing and lipidomics. The potential of data science to advance these fields is also discussed. Future developments are needed to increase the precision of lipid measurements in human samples, leading to discoveries in how individuals vary in their production, storage, and use of lipids. New techniques are critical to support clinical strategies to prevent disease and to identify mechanisms by which treatments confer health benefits with the overall goal of reducing the burden of human disease. Personalized tracking of how lipid (fat) metabolism changes over time could lead to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. Elizabeth Parks and colleagues from the University of Missouri, Columbia, USA, discuss the ways in which researchers use stable isotope labeling to monitor the kinetics of fatty acids and other lipids in the body. Usually, lipid quantities are measured only at a single timepoint, however the tracking of lipid turnover over time provides further diagnostic information. Aided by new techniques such as high-throughput mass spectrometry and machine learning, researchers are now able to continuously map total lipid contents in individual patients. The transition of measurements of lipid flux from the research laboratory to the doctor’s office will likely play a role in a new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chi-Ren Shyu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Hypertension and clinical outcomes in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1713-1721. [PMID: 35943100 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, its impact on clinical outcomes in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is unclear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of hypertension on severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HeFH. METHODS A total of 480 patients with clinical or molecular diagnosis of definite or probable familial hypercholesterolemia according to Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria (DLCN score ≥6) were included in the study. They were divided into the two groups according to their blood pressure status: hypertension group and normotension group. The severity of coronary stenosis was assessed by a number of diseased vessels, Gensini, Syntax, and Jeopardy scores. All individuals were followed up for cardiovascular events (CVEs) and cox proportion hazard models were used to evaluate the association of hypertension with cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS Patients with hypertension had more severe coronary stenosis and a higher incidence of CVEs compared with the ones with normotension (log-rank P < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, there was a 2.1-fold increased risk of CVEs among patients with hypertension compared with patients with normotension (adjusted hazard ratio 2.06, 95% confidential interval 1.17-3.65, P < 0.01). Hypertension control status was also associated with CVEs even after adjustment of multiple variables. However, no combined effect on increased cardiovascular risks was detected in this HeFH cohort. CONCLUSION In patients with HeFH, hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Moreover, blood pressure control status in patients with hypertension is associated with the worse outcomes.
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Chan DC, Ying Q, Watts GF. Recent dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins: elucidating the mode of action of new therapies. Curr Opin Lipidol 2021; 32:378-385. [PMID: 34636776 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW LDL, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particles are the key atherogenic lipoproteins. Deranged metabolism of these lipoproteins accounts for a spectrum of clinically important dyslipidemias, such as FH, elevated Lp(a) and diabetic dyslipidemia. We review the findings from recent dynamic and tracer studies that have contributed to expanding knowledge in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Deficiency in LDL receptor activity does not only impair the catabolism of LDL-apoB-100 in FH, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of TRLs. Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Elevation of TRLs in diabetes is partly mediated by increased production of apoB-48 and apoC-III, and impaired clearance of apoB-48 in the postprandial state. Tracer kinetic studies show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 mAbs alone or in combination with statin can increase the catabolism and decrease production of LDL and Lp(a) particles. By contrast, angiopoietin-like protein 3 inhibitors (e.g. evinacumab) reduce VLDL production and increase LDL clearance in FH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can improve diabetic dyslipidemia by increasing the catabolism of apoB-48 and decreasing the production of apoB-48 and apoC-III. SUMMARY Dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins provide new insight into the nature of dyslipidemias and point to how new therapies with complementary modes of action may have maximal clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Qidi Ying
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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