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Wang H, He W, Yang G, Zhu L, Liu X. The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity. Metabolites 2024; 14:344. [PMID: 38921478 PMCID: PMC11205792 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people's health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Wenbi He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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Almuwaqqat Z, Hui Q, Liu C, Zhou JJ, Voight BF, Ho YL, Posner DC, Vassy JL, Gaziano JM, Cho K, Wilson PWF, Sun YV. Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e243062. [PMID: 38512255 PMCID: PMC10958234 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is a commonly used estimate of obesity, which is a complex trait affected by genetic and lifestyle factors. Marked weight gain and loss could be associated with adverse biological processes. Objective To evaluate the association between BMI variability and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in 2 distinct cohorts. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) between 2011 and 2018 and participants in the UK Biobank (UKB) enrolled between 2006 and 2010. Participants were followed up for a median of 3.8 (5th-95th percentile, 3.5) years. Participants with baseline CVD or cancer were excluded. Data were analyzed from September 2022 and September 2023. Exposure BMI variability was calculated by the retrospective SD and coefficient of variation (CV) using multiple clinical BMI measurements up to the baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was incident composite CVD events (incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death), assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling after adjustment for CVD risk factors, including age, sex, mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes status, and statin use. Secondary analysis assessed whether associations were dependent on the polygenic score of BMI. Results Among 92 363 US veterans in the MVP cohort (81 675 [88%] male; mean [SD] age, 56.7 [14.1] years), there were 9695 Hispanic participants, 22 488 non-Hispanic Black participants, and 60 180 non-Hispanic White participants. A total of 4811 composite CVD events were observed from 2011 to 2018. The CV of BMI was associated with 16% higher risk for composite CVD across all groups (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19). These associations were unchanged among subgroups and after adjustment for the polygenic score of BMI. The UKB cohort included 65 047 individuals (mean [SD] age, 57.30 (7.77) years; 38 065 [59%] female) and had 6934 composite CVD events. Each 1-SD increase in BMI variability in the UKB cohort was associated with 8% increased risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.11). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that among US veterans, higher BMI variability was a significant risk marker associated with adverse cardiovascular events independent of mean BMI across major racial and ethnic groups. Results were consistent in the UKB for the cardiovascular death end point. Further studies should investigate the phenotype of high BMI variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Almuwaqqat
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qin Hui
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jin J. Zhou
- Department of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles
- Veterans Affairs Phoenix Healthcare System, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia\
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | - Daniel C. Posner
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | - Jason L. Vassy
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter W. F. Wilson
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Moura E Silva VEL, Panissa VLG, Cholewa JM, Vieira MM, Antunes BM, Moura RC, Rossi PAQ, Santos MAP, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Ten weeks of Capsicum annuum L. extract supplementation did not change adipose tissue-derived hormones, appetite, body composition, and muscle strength when combined with resistance training in healthy untrained men: A clinical trial study. Nutr Res 2024; 122:33-43. [PMID: 38141553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Capsiate (CAP) is a nonpungent capsaicin analog (Capsicum annuum L. extract) that has been studied as a potential antiobesity agent. However, the interaction between chronic CAP supplementation and resistance training is not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in adipose tissue-derived hormones, body composition, appetite, and muscle strength after 10 weeks of resistance training, combined with chronic CAP supplementation in healthy untrained men. We hypothesized that CAP could induce higher benefits when combined with resistance training after 10 weeks of intervention compared to resistance training alone. Twenty-four young men (age, 22.0 ± 2.9) were randomized to either capsiate supplementation (CAP = 12 mg/day) or placebo (PL), and both groups were assigned to resistance training. Body composition, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, subjective ratings of appetite, energy intake, and exercise performance were assessed at before and after 10 weeks of progressive resistance training. There was a significant increase in body mass (P < .001), fat-free mass (CAP: 58.0 ± 7.1 vs. post, 59.7 ± 7.1 kg; PL: pre, 58.4 ± 7.3 vs. post, 59.8 ± 7.1 kg; P < .001), resting metabolic rate (CAP: pre, 1782.9 ± 160.6 vs. post, 1796.3 ± 162.0 kcal; PL: pre, 1733.0 ± 148.9 vs. post, 1750.5 ± 149.8 kcal; P < .001), maximal strength at 45 leg press (P < .001) and bench press (P < .001) in both groups, but no significant (P > .05) supplementation by training period interaction nor fat mass was observed. For subjective ratings of appetite, energy intake, leptin, and adiponectin, no significant effect of supplementation by training period interaction was observed (P > .05). In conclusion, 10 weeks of resistance training increased total body weight, muscle mass, and maximum strength in healthy untrained men; however, CAP supplementation (12 mg, 7 days per week) failed to change adipose tissue-derived hormones, appetite, body composition and muscle strength in this population. Registered under Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-8cz9kfq).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilton E L Moura E Silva
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria L G Panissa
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Matheus Mesquita Vieira
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Movement Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, México
| | - Rayane C Moura
- Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Priscila A Q Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A P Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Movement Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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Xu C, Hou Y, Si K, Cao Z. Cardiorespiratory fitness, genetic susceptibility, inflammation and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A population-based longitudinal study. Metabolism 2022; 132:155215. [PMID: 35588860 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is modified by genetic susceptibility and inflammation. PARTICIPANTS The prospective study included 57,185 participants (40-70 years) who were free from T2D and received the CRF assessment at enrollment (2006-2010) in the UK biobank. CRF was examined through a submaximal cycle ergometer test and expressed in metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs), genetic susceptibility was quantified using a genetic risk score, and inflammation was assessed according to the concentration of C-reactive protein. All these three factors were categorized into tertiles. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 10.4 years, 5477 (7.0%) cases of T2D were ascertained. CRF was inversely associated with the risk of T2D in a dose-response manner. The hazard ratio (HR) was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-0.92) per 1 MET increment of CRF. There was a significant interaction between CRF and genetic susceptibility to T2D in relation to the risk of T2D (P for interaction = 0.03). Compared with participants with high CRF and low genetic susceptibility, the HR was 4.98 (95% CI: 3.17-7.82) for those with low CRF and high genetic susceptibility. A similar pattern was observed in participants with low CRF and high inflammation compared with those who had high CRF and low inflammation (HR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.83-3.48), though the interaction between CRF and inflammation did not reach statistical significance. T2D risk declined progressively with increased CRF among different inflammation categories. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that genetic susceptibility may modify the association between CRF and T2D, highlighting that risk of T2D associated with genetics could benefit most from interventions on improving CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yabing Hou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Keyi Si
- Department of Health Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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