1
|
Kambhampati S, Hubbard AH, Koley S, Gomez JD, Marsolais F, Evans BS, Young JD, Allen DK. SIMPEL: using stable isotopes to elucidate dynamics of context specific metabolism. Commun Biol 2024; 7:172. [PMID: 38347116 PMCID: PMC10861564 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The capacity to leverage high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with transient isotope labeling experiments is an untapped opportunity to derive insights on context-specific metabolism, that is difficult to assess quantitatively. Tools are needed to comprehensively mine isotopologue information in an automated, high-throughput way without errors. We describe a tool, Stable Isotope-assisted Metabolomics for Pathway Elucidation (SIMPEL), to simplify analysis and interpretation of isotope-enriched HRMS datasets. The efficacy of SIMPEL is demonstrated through examples of central carbon and lipid metabolism. In the first description, a dual-isotope labeling experiment is paired with SIMPEL and isotopically nonstationary metabolic flux analysis (INST-MFA) to resolve fluxes in central metabolism that would be otherwise challenging to quantify. In the second example, SIMPEL was paired with HRMS-based lipidomics data to describe lipid metabolism based on a single labeling experiment. Available as an R package, SIMPEL extends metabolomics analyses to include isotopologue signatures necessary to quantify metabolic flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikaar Kambhampati
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA.
- Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Allen H Hubbard
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Javier D Gomez
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- London Research and Development Center, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Bradley S Evans
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA.
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shiraishi JI, Ijiri D, Katafuchi A, Tomonaga S, Shimamoto S, Do H, Ishihara S, Ohtsuka A. Quantification of N τ -Methylhistidine and N π-Methylhistidine in Chicken Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023017. [PMID: 37484878 PMCID: PMC10357029 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of Nτ-methylhistidine in plasma provides an index of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. This study aimed to establish a quantitative method for measuring the concentrations of Nτ-methylhistidine and its isomer Nπ-methylhistidine in chicken plasma, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotope dilution analysis. The acceptable linear ranges of detection were 1.56-50.00 μmol/L for Nτ-methylhistidine and 0.78-25.00 μmol/L for Nπ-methylhistidine. The proposed method detected changes in the plasma levels of Nτ-methylhistidine and Nπ-methylhistidine in response to fasting and re-feeding. These results suggest that the method developed in this study can be used for the simultaneous measurement of Nτ-methylhistidine and Nπ-methylhistidine in chicken plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Shiraishi
- Graduate School of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary
and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Daichi Ijiri
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ayumi Katafuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Saki Shimamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata
University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hanwool Do
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishihara
- Graduate School of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary
and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtsuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Souza JT, Minicucci MF, Ferreira NC, Polegato BF, Okoshi MP, Modolo GP, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Wilkinson D, Gordon A, Tanni SE, Costa VE, Fernandes MFP, Bazan SGZ, Zornoff LAM, Bazan R, de Paiva SAR, Azevedo PS. Influence of CReatine supplementation on mUScle mass and strength after stroke (ICaRUS Stroke Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:214. [PMID: 36949443 PMCID: PMC10035196 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability, and its sequelae are associated with inadequate food intake which can lead to sarcopenia. The aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of creatine supplementation on functional capacity, strength, and changes in muscle mass during hospitalization for stroke compared to usual care. An exploratory subanalysis will be performed to assess the inflammatory profiles of all participants, in addition to a follow-up 90 days after stroke, to verify functional capacity, muscle strength, mortality, and quality of life. METHODS Randomized, double-blind, unicenter, parallel-group trial including individuals with ischemic stroke in the acute phase. The duration of the trial for the individual subject will be approximately 90 days, and each subject will attend a maximum of three visits. Clinical, biochemical, anthropometric, body composition, muscle strength, functional capacity, degree of dependence, and quality of life assessments will be performed. Thirty participants will be divided into two groups: intervention (patients will intake one sachet containing 10g of creatine twice a day) and control (patients will intake one sachet containing 10g of placebo [maltodextrin] twice a day). Both groups will receive supplementation with powdered milk protein serum isolate to achieve the goal of 1.5g of protein/kg of body weight/day and daily physiotherapy according to the current rehabilitation guidelines for patients with stroke. Supplementation will be offered during the 7-day hospitalization. The primary outcomes will be functional capacity, strength, and changes in muscle mass after the intervention as assessed by the Modified Rankin Scale, Timed Up and Go test, handgrip strength, 30-s chair stand test, muscle ultrasonography, electrical bioimpedance, and identification of muscle degradation markers by D3-methylhistidine. Follow-up will be performed 90 days after stroke to verify functional capacity, muscle strength, mortality, and quality of life. DISCUSSION The older population has specific nutrient needs, especially for muscle mass and function maintenance. Considering that stroke is a potentially disabling event that can lead the affected individual to present with numerous sequelae, it is crucial to study the mechanisms of muscle mass loss and understand how adequate supplementation can help these patients to better recover. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC) RBR-9q7gg4 . Registered on 21 January 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Thomaz de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos F Minicucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália C Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bertha F Polegato
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Politi Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Modolo
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre Uttoxeter Road, Derby, England
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre Uttoxeter Road, Derby, England
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre Uttoxeter Road, Derby, England
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre Uttoxeter Road, Derby, England
| | - Adam Gordon
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre Uttoxeter Road, Derby, England
| | - Suzana E Tanni
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Eliodoro Costa
- Stable Isotopes Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda P Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Silméia G Zanati Bazan
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A M Zornoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bazan
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio A Rupp de Paiva
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Schmidt Azevedo
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Serum Metabolites Associated with Muscle Hypertrophy after 8 Weeks of High- and Low-Load Resistance Training. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030335. [PMID: 36984775 PMCID: PMC10058868 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the similar muscle growth attained with high- and low-load resistance training (RT) have not yet been fully elucidated. One mechanism is related to the mechanical stimulus and the level of motor unit recruitment; another mechanism is related to the metabolic response. We investigated the electromyographic signal amplitude (sEMG) and the general metabolic response to high-load RT (HL) and low-load resistance training (LL). We measured muscle thickness by ultrasound, sEMG amplitude by electromyography, and analysis of metabolites expressed through metabolomics. No differences were observed between the HL and LL groups for metabolic response and muscle thickness. A greater amplitude of sEMG was observed in the HL group. In addition, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle in the HL group and levels of the metabolites carnitine, creatine, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, phenylalanine, asparagine, creatine phosphate, and methionine. In the LL group, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle and levels of the metabolites acetoacetate, creatine phosphate, and oxypurinol. These correlations seem to be related to the characteristics of activated muscle fibers, the metabolic demand of the training protocols used, and the process of protein synthesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:1951-1961. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Wang Y, Parsons LR, Su X. AccuCor2: isotope natural abundance correction for dual-isotope tracer experiments. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1403-1410. [PMID: 34193963 PMCID: PMC9645465 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope labeling techniques have been widely applied in the field of metabolomics and proteomics. Before the measured mass spectral data can be used for quantitative analysis, it must be accurately corrected for isotope natural abundance and tracer isotopic impurity. Despite the increasing popularity of dual-isotope tracing strategy such as 13C-15N or 13C-2H, there are no accurate tools for correcting isotope natural abundance for such experiments in a resolution-dependent manner. Here, we present AccuCor2 as an R-based tool to perform the correction for 13C-15N or 13C-2H labeling experiments. Our method uses a newly designed algorithm to construct the correction matrices that link labeling pattern and measured mass fractions, then use non-negative least-squares to solve the labeling patterns. Our results show that the dual-isotope experiments often require a mass resolution that is high enough to resolve 13C and 15N or 13C and 2H. Otherwise, the labeling pattern is not solvable. However, this mass resolution may not be sufficiently high to resolve other non-tracer elements such as oxygen or sulfur from the tracer elements. Therefore, we design AccuCor2 to perform the correction based on the actual mass resolution of the measurements. Using both simulated and experimental data, we show that AccuCor2 performs accurate and resolution-dependent correction for dual-isotope tracer data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lance R Parsons
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Allen SL, Marshall RN, Edwards SJ, Lord JM, Lavery GG, Breen L. The effect of young and old ex vivo human serum on cellular protein synthesis and growth in an in vitro model of aging. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C26-C37. [PMID: 33909501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00093.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of muscle aging are useful for understanding mechanisms of age-related muscle loss and aiding the development of targeted therapies. To investigate mechanisms of age-related muscle loss in vitro utilizing ex vivo human serum, fasted blood samples were obtained from four old (72 ± 1 yr) and four young (26 ± 3 yr) men. Older individuals had elevated levels of plasma CRP, IL-6, HOMA-IR, and lower concentric peak torque and work-per-repetition compared with young participants (P < 0.05). C2C12 myotubes were serum and amino acid starved for 1 h and conditioned with human serum (10%) for 4 h or 24 h. After 4 h, C2C12 cells were treated with 5 mM leucine for 30 min. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was determined through the surface sensing of translation (SUnSET) technique and regulatory signaling pathways were measured via Western blot. Myotube diameter was significantly reduced in myotubes treated with serum from old, in comparison to young donors (84%, P < 0.001). MPS was reduced in myotubes treated with old donor serum, compared with young serum before leucine treatment (32%, P < 0.01). MPS and the phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, and eEF2 were increased in myotubes treated with young serum in response to leucine treatment, with a blunted response identified in cells treated with old serum (P < 0.05). Muscle protein breakdown signaling pathways did not differ between groups. In summary, we show that myotubes conditioned with serum from older individuals had decreased myotube diameter and MPS compared with younger individuals, potentially driven by low-grade systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Lord
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partner, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Church DD, Hirsch KR, Park S, Kim IY, Gwin JA, Pasiakos SM, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3717. [PMID: 33276485 PMCID: PMC7760188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingesting protein-containing supplements and foods provides essential amino acids (EAA) necessary to increase muscle and whole-body protein synthesis (WBPS). Large variations exist in the EAA composition of supplements and foods, ranging from free-form amino acids to whole protein foods. We sought to investigate how changes in peripheral EAA after ingesting various protein and free amino acid formats altered muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Data were compiled from four previous studies that used primed, constant infusions of L-(ring-2H5)-phenylalanine and L-(3,3-2H2)-tyrosine to determine fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein (FSR), WBPS, and circulating EAA concentrations. Stepwise regression indicated that max EAA concentration (EAACmax; R2 = 0.524, p < 0.001), EAACmax (R2 = 0.341, p < 0.001), and change in EAA concentration (ΔEAA; R = 0.345, p < 0.001) were the strongest predictors for postprandial FSR, Δ (change from post absorptive to postprandial) FSR, and ΔWBPS, respectively. Within our dataset, the stepwise regression equation indicated that a 100% increase in peripheral EAA concentrations increases FSR by ~34%. Further, we observed significant (p < 0.05) positive (R = 0.420-0.724) correlations between the plasma EAA area under the curve above baseline, EAACmax, ΔEAA, and rate to EAACmax to postprandial FSR, ΔFSR, and ΔWBPS. Taken together our results indicate that across a large variety of EAA/protein-containing formats and food, large increases in peripheral EAA concentrations are required to drive a robust increase in muscle and whole-body protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Sanghee Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (I.-Y.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (I.-Y.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Jess A. Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.A.G.); (S.M.P.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.A.G.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|