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Pickova D, Toman J, Mikyskova P, Ostry V, Malir F. Investigation of ochratoxin a in blood sausages in the Czech Republic: Comparison with data over Europe. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111473. [PMID: 35761704 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood sausages consisting of groats, pork, porcine offal, fat, blood, and spices are very popular in the Czech Republic. All these ingredients are potential sources of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA has a strong affinity to serum proteins in porcine blood. Thus, the contamination of blood sausages with OTA can be expected. This study aims to evaluate OTA in 200 samples of porcine blood sausages purchased at the Czech market during 2020-2021. The analytical method high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection with pre-treatment using immunoaffinity columns was employed to determine OTA. The limit of detection was 0.03 ng/g and the limit of quantification 0.10 ng/g. Recovery was 71.6 %. All samples were positive at contents ranging from 0.15 to 5.68 ng/g with a mean of 1.47 ng/g, and a median of 1.26 ng/g. A total of 66% of these samples contained OTA content exceeding the maximum limit of 1 ng/g set in Italy. This study demonstrates that the Czech population is exposed to OTA from blood sausages. The proposed preliminary action limit for OTA in blood sausages should be set at 1 ng/g. No regulatory limits for OTA in blood sausages have been established yet in the European Union legislation. To protect human health, further monitoring of OTA in these products is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Mikyskova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Toolbox for the Extraction and Quantification of Ochratoxin A and Ochratoxin Alpha Applicable for Different Pig and Poultry Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070432. [PMID: 35878170 PMCID: PMC9323111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the major mycotoxins causing severe effects on the health of humans and animals. Ochratoxin alpha (OTα) is a metabolite of OTA, which is produced through microbial or enzymatic hydrolysis, and one of the preferred routes of OTA detoxification. The methods described here are applicable for the extraction and quantification of OTA and OTα in several pig and poultry matrices such as feed, feces/excreta, urine, plasma, dried blood spots, and tissue samples such as liver, kidney, muscle, skin, and fat. The samples are homogenized and extracted. Extraction is either based on a stepwise extraction using ethyl acetate/sodium hydrogencarbonate/ethyl acetate or an acetonitrile/water mixture. Quantitative analysis is based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method validation was successfully performed and the linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision as well as the stability of the samples, were evaluated. The analyte recovery of the spiked samples was between 80 and 120% (80–150% for spiked concentrations ≤ 1 ng/g or ng/mL) and the relative standard deviation was ≤ 15%. Therefore, we provide a toolbox for the extraction and quantification of OTA and OTα in all relevant pig and poultry matrices.
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A Label-free Fluorescent Aptasensor Based on Exonuclease I for the Determination of Ochratoxin A. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ochratoxin A in Slaughtered Pigs and Pork Products. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020067. [PMID: 35202095 PMCID: PMC8876995 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is produced after the growth of several Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. in feeds or foods. OTA has been proved to possess nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and immunotoxic effects in animals and humans. OTA has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the IARC in 2016. OTA can be mainly found in animals as a result of indirect transmission from naturally contaminated feed. OTA found in feed can also contaminate pigs and produced pork products. Additionally, the presence of OTA in pork meat products could be derived from the direct growth of OTA-producing fungi or the addition of contaminated materials such as contaminated spices. Studies accomplished in various countries have revealed that pork meat and pork meat products are important sources of chronic dietary exposure to OTA in humans. Various levels of OTA have been found in pork meat from slaughtered pigs in many countries, while OTA levels were particularly high in the blood serum and kidneys of pigs. Pork products made from pig blood or organs such as the kidney or liver have been often found to becontaminated with OTA. The European Union (EU) has established maximum levels (ML) for OTA in a variety of foods since 2006, but not for meat or pork products. However, the establishement of an ML for OTA in pork meat and meat by-products is necessary to protect human health.
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A survey on occurrence of ochratoxin A in the kidneys of slaughtered pigs in the Czech Republic during the years 2012–2021. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several moulds of Aspergillus and Penicillium genera on many agricultural commodities used for feed production. It is primarily a nephrotoxic substance, but it can also cause immunosuppression in pigs and increase their susceptibility to infections. Porcine mycotoxic nephropathy (PMN) is a chronic poisoning associated with OTA exposure. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the content of OTA in pig kidneys which were examined during the regular monitoring of the safety and quality of food of animal origin in the Czech Republic during the years 2012–2021. Results revealed no differences between the monitored years or age categories and no differences between the year seasons, which could have an influence on the storage conditions and thus feed contamination by moulds. The values found in this study are low and similar to those assessed in several studies performed in other European countries and do not exceed the limits set in their legislation, which means these organs do not pose a risk for consumers and do not indicate PMN in monitored pigs. Czech Republic as well as EU legislation do not regulate OTA levels in the food of animal origin yet.
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Luci G. A rapid HPLC-FLD method for Ochratoxin A detection in pig muscle, kidney, liver by using enzymatic digestion with MISPE extraction. MethodsX 2020; 7:100873. [PMID: 32300548 PMCID: PMC7153302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species with nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic and teratogenic effects. OTA has been found in several food commodities, including cereals, beer, wine and spices. OTA can also be present in animal products (especially in pig derived products) as a result of carryover from contaminated feed. Permitted level of 1 µg/kg OTA in pig meat or pig-derived products was set in Italy, as in other countries. Key parameters which affected MISPE, should be described such as extraction efficiency and were optimized, analyzed by an isocratic HPLC-FLD method. Under the optimized conditions, for all analyzed matrices mean recovery was > 89%. Method can be applied as alternative routine procedure to detect OTA presence in pig products. Points: *Aim of the study was to develop and validate a quantitative HPLC-FLD method based on MISPE with complex solid matrices (edible tissues) followed by chromatographic analysis. *The new method was developed and validated in pig complex matrix and is very sensitive LOD and LOQ respectively 0.001 and 0.003 µg/kg. *This method is relatively simple to use and with good performances. Was possible to reuse MISPE column with a "regeneration" solution, until to 7 times.
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A new validated HPLC-UV method for therapeutic monitoring of daptomycin in comparison with reference mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113132. [PMID: 32004774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria, is also active against multi-resistant bacterial strains, as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci or penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. For these reasons it is a viable alternative for the treatment of persisting infections. However, the therapeutic drug monitoring of daptomycin is recommended because the known variability in drug disposition and the severe clinical conditions of patients. Therefore, we developed a simple and fast UV-HPLC method according to FDA guidelines to monitor plasma concentrations of the drug. Briefly, after a liquid-liquid extraction, plasma calibration samples, quality controls and patients' samples were injected in a HPLC instrument and peaks of daptomycin and gentamicin (internal standard) were resolved by a C18 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm stationary phase and peaks were monitored at UV = 262 nm. Mobile phase (isocratic flow of 1 mL/min) consisted of acetonitrile-buffer (KH2PO4 20 mM pH = 3.2) 46:54, vol/vol. Under these conditions, IS and daptomycin peaked at 4.1 and 5.8 min after injection. Values of limits of detection and quantitation accounted for 1.65 and 5.00 (μg/ml), respectively. Values of method linearity (r2) in range 5-100 mg/L were 0.9975 and 0.9956 plasma samples and solvent standard, respectively. Inter- and intra-day variability coefficients were lower than 15 %. The comparison with a reference, commercially-available LC-MS/MS method on 122 patient plasma samples returned excellent correlation (r2 = 0.9474). In conclusion, the present method demonstrated to be reliable and suitable for daptomycin TDM in clinical routine.
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Hort V, Nicolas M, Minvielle B, Maleix C, Desbourdes C, Hommet F, Dragacci S, Dervilly-Pinel G, Engel E, Guérin T. Ochratoxin A determination in swine muscle and liver from French conventional or organic farming production systems. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:131-137. [PMID: 29890406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumers generally considered organic products to be healthier and safer but data regarding the contamination of organic products are scarce. This study evaluated the impact of the farming system on the levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the tissues of French pigs (muscle and liver) reared following three different types of production (organic, Label Rouge and conventional). Because OTA is present at trace levels in animal products, a sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using stable isotope dilution assay was developed and validated. OTA was detected or quantified (LOQ of 0.10 μg kg-1) in 67% (n = 47) of the 70 pig liver samples analysed, with concentrations ranging from <0.10 to 3.65 μg kg-1. The maximum concentration was found in a sample from organic production but there were no significant differences in the content of OTA between farming systems. OTA was above the LOQ in four out of 25 samples of the pork muscles. A good agreement was found between OTA levels in muscle and liver (liver concentration = 2.9 × OTA muscle concentration, r = 0.981).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marina Nicolas
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Brice Minvielle
- IFIP-institut du porc, La Motte au Vicomte, F-35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Corentin Maleix
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Caroline Desbourdes
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Hommet
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylviane Dragacci
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Erwan Engel
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, Microcontaminants, Aroma & Separation Science group (MASS), F-63123 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Luci G, Intorre L, Ferruzzi G, Mani D, Giuliotti L, Pretti C, Tognetti R, Bertini S, Meucci V. Determination of ochratoxin A in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Mycotoxin Res 2017; 34:1-8. [PMID: 28856595 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary toxic metabolite synthesized by Aspergillus or Penicillium species, which can contaminate various crops. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified OTA as a group 2B possible human carcinogen. The aim of the present study was to assess OTA concentrations in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Tuscany (Italy). Over a period of 2 years, samples of muscle, liver, and kidney from 48 wild boars were collected and concentrations of OTA were determined by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The highest concentrations of OTA were found in the kidneys of the 48 wild boars analyzed. No difference in concentrations was found based on years of collection and sex while a significantly higher OTA concentration was found in the kidney of the young wild boars with respect to the adult one. Monitoring the quality of meat destined for transformation is a priority in order to decrease the possibility of toxin carry-over to humans. The present study showed that contamination of wild boar meat products by OTA represents a potential emerging source of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Luci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Ferruzzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Mani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Giuliotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
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