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Wei X, Ma X, Tian F, Wei Z, Zhang L, Hu K. Sampling and analysis methods of air-borne microorganisms in hospital air: a review. Biotechniques 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39263851 DOI: 10.1080/07366205.2024.2372939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms can spread in the air as bioaerosols. When the human body is exposed to different bioaerosols, various infectious diseases may occur. As indoor diagnosis and treatment environments, hospitals are relatively closed and have a large flow rate of people. This indoor environment contains complex aerosol components; therefore, effective sampling and detection of microbial elements are essential in airborne pathogen monitoring. This article reviews the sampling and detection of different kinds of microorganisms in bioaerosols from indoor diagnostic and therapeutic settings, with a particular focus on microbial activity. This provides deeper insights into bioaerosols in diagnostic and therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wei
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezheng Ma
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Xinjiang International Travel Health Care Center (Urumqi Customs Port Clinic), China
| | - Zhaohui Wei
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Kongxin Hu
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
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Distribution and the trend of airborne particles and bio-aerosol concentration in pediatric intensive care units with different ventilation setting at two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:588-595. [PMID: 36842194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the distribution and the trend of airborne particles and bio-aerosol concentration in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in two tertiary care hospitals with different ventilation setting. METHODS Hospitals A but not B is provided with a central HEPA filter. PICUs in both hospitals were categorized into protective environment (PE) with room HEPA filter, semi-protective environment (SPE) with portable air-purifier, and non-protective environment (NPE) with neither system. Fine particles (≤ 2.5 µm) and coarse particles (≤ 10.0 µm) were obtained using optical particle counter (Lighthouse Handheld 3016) and total bacterial (TBC) and fungal (TFC) counts were obtained using Andersen air sampler. RESULTS Hospital B had significantly higher levels of fine and coarse particles (in all room), TBC (in PE), but not TFC compared with matched rooms in hospital A. In hospital B, the levels of fine particles, coarse particles, and TBC were lowest in SPE (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.006, respectively) while TFC was lowest in NPE (p = 0.014). Airborne particles, TBC, and TFC had variable trends with some of the indoor peaks follow outdoor peaks. Gram-positive bacteria (69 %) were the predominant bacteria in hospital A while bacterial flora (70 %) were the predominant bacteria in hospital B (p < 0.001 for each). CONCLUSIONS The levels of airborne contaminants and microbial counts in PICUs are significantly affected by the ventilation system and to less extent by outdoor levels. The results indicated that advanced filtration system and central HEPA filters play a significant role in the reduction of indoor fine particulates and TBC.
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Chen Y, Li X, Gao W, Zhang Y, Mo A, Jiang J, He D. Microfiber-loaded bacterial community in indoor fallout and air-conditioner filter dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159211. [PMID: 36206901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfibers (MFs) are widely existed in indoor air; however, characteristic of microbiota on MFs is largely unknown. In this study, air-borne MFs were collected from fallout or air-conditioner (AC) filter dust in three types of indoor space including living room, dormitory and office. Both plastic and natural MFs were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopic observation showed dense biofilms adhering on surfaces of MFs. Fallout MFs contained more bacteria but fewer fungi than MFs from AC filter dust. MFs-loaded bacteria were of highest abundance in living rooms, following dormitories and offices. Bacterial community and its diversity were further analyzed by 16S rRNA High-throughput sequencing. Up to 4540 of bacterium OTUs were shared in these MFs samples, unique OTUs in fallout and AC filter samples accounting for 26.3 % and 25.7 % of the total. Compared to MFs fallout, AC filter MFs contained more species of pathogenic bacteria, such as Betaproteobacteriales and Ralstonia, with obviously different β-diversity between two groups. Phenotypic analysis showed that fallout and AC filter MFs bacteria presented high index values of film formation, oxidative stress tolerance and potential pathogenicity. Overall, these results suggest that abundant bacteria including pathogen can be loaded on MFs, and would pose health risks through delivery of indoor MFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Aoyun Mo
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Taushiba A, Dwivedi S, Zehra F, Shukla PN, Lawrence AJ. Assessment of indoor air quality and their inter-association in hospitals of northern India-a cross-sectional study. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1023-1036. [PMID: 37213469 PMCID: PMC9985081 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was commenced to evaluate the indoor and outdoor air quality concentrations of PM2.5, sub-micron particles (PM>2.5, PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50 -1.0, PM0.25-0.50, and PM<0.25), heavy metals, and microbial contaminants along with their identification in three different hospitals of Lucknow City. The study was conducted from February 2022 to April 2022 in hospitals situated in the commercial, residential, and industrial belts of the city. The indoor concentration trend of particulate matter as observed during the study suggested that most of the highest concentrations belonged to the hospital situated in an industrial area. The highest obtained indoor and outdoor concentrations for PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50, and PM<0.25 are 40.44 µg/m3, 56.08 µg/m3, 67.20 µg/m3, 74.50 µg/m3, 61.9 µg/m3, 79.3 µg/m3, 82.0 µg/m3, and 93.9 µg/m3, respectively, which belonged to hospital C situated in the industrial belt. However, for PM>2.5, the highest indoor concentration obtained belonged to hospital B, i.e., 30.7 µg/m3, which is situated in the residential belt of the city. Regarding PM2.5, the highest indoor and outdoor concentrations obtained are 149.41 µg/m3 and 227.45 µg/m3, which were recorded at hospital A and hospital C, respectively. The present study also observed that a high bacterial load of 1389.21 CFU/m3 is recorded in hospital B, and the fungi load was highest in hospital C with 786.34 CFU/m3. Henceforth, the present study offers thorough information on the various air pollutants in a crucial indoor setting, which will further aid the researchers in the field to identify and mitigate the same more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Taushiba
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Samridhi Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Farheen Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Pashupati Nath Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology & Microbial Technology, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Habibi N, Uddin S, Behbehani M, Al Salameen F, Razzack NA, Zakir F, Shajan A, Alam F. Bacterial and fungal communities in indoor aerosols from two Kuwaiti hospitals. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955913. [PMID: 35966680 PMCID: PMC9366136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The airborne transmission of COVID-19 has drawn immense attention to bioaerosols. The topic is highly relevant in the indoor hospital environment where vulnerable patients are treated and healthcare workers are exposed to various pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Knowledge of the microbial communities in such settings will enable precautionary measures to prevent any hospital-mediated outbreak and better assess occupational exposure of the healthcare workers. This study presents a baseline of the bacterial and fungal population of two major hospitals in Kuwait dealing with COVID patients, and in a non-hospital setting through targeted amplicon sequencing. The predominant bacteria of bioaerosols were Variovorax (9.44%), Parvibaculum (8.27%), Pseudonocardia (8.04%), Taonella (5.74%), Arthrospira (4.58%), Comamonas (3.84%), Methylibium (3.13%), Sphingobium (4.46%), Zoogloea (2.20%), and Sphingopyxis (2.56%). ESKAPEE pathogens, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia, were also found in lower abundances. The fungi were represented by Wilcoxinia rehmii (64.38%), Aspergillus ruber (9.11%), Penicillium desertorum (3.89%), Leptobacillium leptobactrum (3.20%), Humicola grisea (2.99%), Ganoderma sichuanense (1.42%), Malassezia restricta (0.74%), Heterophoma sylvatica (0.49%), Fusarium proliferatum (0.46%), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.23%). Some common and unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria and fungi were also recorded at each site; this inter-site variability shows that exhaled air can be a source of this variation. The alpha-diversity indices suggested variance in species richness and abundance in hospitals than in non-hospital sites. The community structure of bacteria varied spatially (ANOSIM r 2 = 0.181-0.243; p < 0.05) between the hospital and non-hospital sites, whereas fungi were more or less homogenous. Key taxa specific to the hospitals were Defluvicoccales, fungi, Ganodermataceae, Heterophoma, and H. sylvatica compared to Actinobacteria, Leptobacillium, L. leptobacillium, and Cordycipitaceae at the non-hospital site (LefSe, FDR q ≤ 0.05). The hospital/non-hospital MD index > 1 indicated shifts in the microbial communities of indoor air in hospitals. These findings highlight the need for regular surveillance of indoor hospital environments to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saif Uddin
- Environment and Life Science Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Exposure and Health Effects of Bacteria in Healthcare Units: An Overview. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare units consist of numerous people circulating daily, such as workers, patients, and companions, and these people are vehicles for the transmission of microorganisms, such as bacteria. Bacteria species may have different allergenic, pathogenic, infectious, or toxic properties that can affect humans. Hospital settings foment the proliferation of bacteria due to characteristics present in the indoor hospital environment. This review article aims to identify the potential health effects caused by bacterial contamination in the context of healthcare units, both in patients and in workers. A search was carried out for articles published in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, between 1 January 2000 and 31 October 2021, using the descriptor hospital exposure assessment bacteria. This bibliographic research found a total of 13 articles. Bacteria transmission occurs mainly due to the contact between healthcare workers and patients or through the handling of/contact with contaminated instruments or surfaces. The most common bacterial contaminants are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, and the principal health effects of these contaminants are hospital-acquired infections and infections in immunocompromised people. A tight control of the disinfection methods is thus required, and its frequency must be increased to remove the microbial contamination of wards, surfaces and equipment. A better understanding of seasonal variations is important to prevent peaks of contamination.
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Nasiri N, Gholipour S, Akbari H, Koolivand A, Abtahi H, Didehdar M, Rezaei A, Mirzaei N. Contamination of obsterics and gynecology hospital air by bacterial and fungal aerosols associated with nosocomial infections. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:663-670. [PMID: 33680477 PMCID: PMC7914036 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal bioaerosols are a global concern due to nosocomial infections, especially in developing countries. Our study aimed to detect fungal and bacterial bioaerosols in different wards of an obstetrics and gynecology hospital air samples. 240 bioaerosol samples were collected by performing impaction method from different wards of a hospital in the central part of Iran, during two seasons. Fungi genera and bacteria species are recognized by cultivation. Concentrations of bacteria and fungi were ranged from 44 to 75 CFU/m3 and 8 to 22 CFU/m3, respectively. Labor Delivery and Recovery (LDR) and Emergency room had first and second most contaminated air among all the hospital wards. No significant difference between microbial load of wards which used natural ventilation and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system was observed. The microbial load was not affected significantly by temperature, working shift, and Inpatient Bed Occupancy Rate (IBOR). Fungal load related significantly with relative humidity. Staphylococcus aureus (detected in 48.3% of samples) and Penicillium (27%) were the most predominant isolated bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results revealed that the level of bacteria and fungi responsible for nosocomial infections in the air of this hospital is very low. Although levels of microbial contamination are relatively low, it is important to investigate the effect of bioaerosols on nosocomial infections, especially in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najimeh Nasiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Department of Biostatistics and Public Health, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamid Abtahi
- Depatrment of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Medicin Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arezou Rezaei
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Montazeri A, Zandi H, Teymouri F, Soltanianzadeh Z, Jambarsang S, Mokhtari M. Microbiological analysis of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols from burn hospital of Yazd (Iran) in 2019. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1121-1130. [PMID: 33312628 PMCID: PMC7721834 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioaerosols play an important role in incidence of infections in indoor and outdoor air of hospitals. Microorganisms play a critical role in the health of human beings and they are found everywhere in the environment, including different wards of a hospital. So, quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms is highly important in hospital air. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity and density of bacteria and fungi in the air of Shohadaye Mehrab Hospital in Yazd City, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling was performed using a single-stage pump (Quick Take30) at a flow rate of 28.3 l per minute for five minutes. As a result, 288 indoor and outdoor hospital air samples were collected. Numbers and types of bacterial and fungal colonies were identified using colony morphology, gram staining, and standard microbial tests. Chi-square test, PCA and linear mixed model were run by SPSS version 24.0 for data analysis. RESULTS The highest bacterial contaminations were found in the burns ward (294 CFU/m3), operating theater (147 CFU/m3), and emergency department (124 CFU/m3), respectively. Fungal contamination was higher in the derm ward (110 CFU/m3) than other sampling sites. The dominant genus of gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 60, 62.5%) and the dominant genus of gram-negative bacteria was Citrobacter freundi (n = 11, 11.5%). The most fungal gens isolated from the hospital air samples were Penicillium (n = 73, 76%), Alternaria (n = 51, 53.1%), Aspergillus niger (n = 40, 41.7%), and Aspergillus flavus (n = 34, 35.4%), respectively. CONCLUSION Considering that the burn wounds represent a susceptible site for opportunistic microorganisms, even low concentration of fungi/bacteria in air can be considered as a risk factor that facilitates transmission of the infectious agents in the hospital. Therefore, control measures should be taken to reduce the infection hazard in health staff and patients. These measures include ensuring effective ventilation, cleaning and decontaminating surfaces and equipment, restricting the personnel and patient companions' movement across the wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Montazeri
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hengamah Zandi
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Teymouri
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltanianzadeh
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sara Jambarsang
- Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mokhtari
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Wisudawan B. O, Mallongi A, Russeng SS, Hatta M, Daud A, Subhan M. Bioaerosol pollution in intensive-care unit of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar: Morning and midday assessment. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mousavi MS, Hadei M, Majlesi M, Hopke PK, Yarahmadi M, Emam B, Kermani M, Shahsavani A. Investigating the effect of several factors on concentrations of bioaerosols in a well-ventilated hospital environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:407. [PMID: 31165312 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and quantified the bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in nine wards of the Razavi Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) that is equipped with an advanced heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system including HEPA filters for air cleaning. In this study, 432 samples were taken from the indoor air of multiple hospital wards during the morning and afternoon shifts during summer and autumn. The particle number concentrations with sizes of > 0.3, > 0.5, > 1, > 2, > 5, and > 10 μm were measured using a 6-channel handheld particle counter. A greater diversity of bioaerosol types were observed during the morning shifts and during summer. The microbial load was not affected significantly by the temperature, relative humidity, working shift, season, and number of visitors, indicating the effectiveness of a well-designed ventilation system to eliminate site-specific variations. For microbial number concentrations, a significant correlation was only observed between the number of particles with a diameter of > 10 μm and the airborne microbial loading. Thus, passive sampling may not properly reflect the actual concentrations of smaller bioaerosols. In conclusion, HEPA filters in the HVAC system successfully decreased the bioaerosol concentrations in the hospital environment. Additionally, we recommend that active sampling be used in cases where a well-functioning HVAC system exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Monireh Majlesi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahahran Emam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Karimpour Roshan S, Godini H, Nikmanesh B, Bakhshi H, Charsizadeh A. Study on the relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols at indoor and outdoor air in the Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:48. [PMID: 30610385 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal bio-aerosols are of concern due to their adverse health effects, especially in indoor environments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentration and type of fungal bio-aerosols in the indoor and outdoor of Children's Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. In the present descriptive-analytical study, the fungal bio-aerosols' concentrations in both indoor and outdoor of the hospital air were measured. The measurements were carried out by the Anderson method using a Quick Take 30 pump at 28.3 L min-1 and 2.5 min sampling that was placed on a Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The average concentrations of total fungal bio-aerosols in the hospital indoor and outdoor air were 40.48 and 119.6 CFU/m3, respectively. Onco-hematology and bone marrow transplantation wards were the most and least contaminated units, respectively (11.09 CFU/m3 vs 1.47 CFU/m3). The most common fungi isolated from the indoor environment were Penicillium spp. (45.86%) which was followed by Cladosporium spp. (31.92%), Aspergillus section Nigri (6.26%), sterilized mycelia (5.05%), and Aspergillus section Flavi (2.83%). Cladosporium spp. (61.10 CFU/m3) and Penicillium spp. (18.56 CFU/m3) had the highest mean concentrations in outdoor and indoor air, respectively. The indoor-to-outdoor ratio of fungal aerosols was < 1 at most sampling sites, indicating that the indoor fungal bio-aerosols may have originated from the outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimpour Roshan
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hatam Godini
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Bahram Nikmanesh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Charsizadeh
- Immunology, Asthma & Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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