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Loi VV, Busche T, Schnaufer F, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The neutrophil oxidant hypothiocyanous acid causes a thiol-specific stress response and an oxidative shift of the bacillithiol redox potential in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325223. [PMID: 37930020 PMCID: PMC10715087 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin and the airways but can also lead to life-threatening systemic and chronic infections. During colonization and phagocytosis by immune cells, S. aureus encounters the thiol-reactive oxidant HOSCN. The understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of S. aureus toward HOSCN stress is important to identify novel drug targets to combat multi-resistant S. aureus isolates. As a defense mechanism, S. aureus uses the flavin disulfide reductase MerA, which functions as HOSCN reductase and protects against HOSCN stress. Moreover, MerA homologs have conserved functions in HOSCN detoxification in other bacteria, including intestinal and respiratory pathogens. In this work, we studied the comprehensive thiol-reactive mode of action of HOSCN and its effect on the reversible shift of the E BSH to discover new defense mechanisms against the neutrophil oxidant. These findings provide new leads for future drug design to fight the pathogen at the sites of colonization and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Franziska Schnaufer
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Marchetti M, Ronda L, Cozzi M, Bettati S, Bruno S. Genetically Encoded Biosensors for the Fluorescence Detection of O 2 and Reactive O 2 Species. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8517. [PMID: 37896609 PMCID: PMC10611200 DOI: 10.3390/s23208517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular concentrations of oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells represent critical information for investigating physiological and pathological conditions. Real-time measurement often relies on genetically encoded proteins that are responsive to fluctuations in either oxygen or ROS concentrations. The direct binding or chemical reactions that occur in their presence either directly alter the fluorescence properties of the binding protein or alter the fluorescence properties of fusion partners, mostly consisting of variants of the green fluorescent protein. Oxygen sensing takes advantage of several mechanisms, including (i) the oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of a domain of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which, in turn, promotes its cellular degradation along with fluorescent fusion partners; (ii) the naturally oxygen-dependent maturation of the fluorophore of green fluorescent protein variants; and (iii) direct oxygen binding by proteins, including heme proteins, expressed in fusion with fluorescent partners, resulting in changes in fluorescence due to conformational alterations or fluorescence resonance energy transfer. ROS encompass a group of highly reactive chemicals that can interconvert through various chemical reactions within biological systems, posing challenges for their selective detection through genetically encoded sensors. However, their general reactivity, and particularly that of the relatively stable oxygen peroxide, can be exploited for ROS sensing through different mechanisms, including (i) the ROS-induced formation of disulfide bonds in engineered fluorescent proteins or fusion partners of fluorescent proteins, ultimately leading to fluorescence changes; and (ii) conformational changes of naturally occurring ROS-sensing domains, affecting the fluorescence properties of fusion partners. In this review, we will offer an overview of these genetically encoded biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Cozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
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The Catalase KatA Contributes to Microaerophilic H2O2 Priming to Acquire an Improved Oxidative Stress Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091793. [PMID: 36139867 PMCID: PMC9495333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has to cope with oxidative stress during infections. In this study, S. aureus was found to be resistant to 100 mM H2O2 during aerobic growth. While KatA was essential for this high aerobic H2O2 resistance, the peroxiredoxin AhpC contributed to detoxification of 0.4 mM H2O2 in the absence of KatA. In addition, the peroxiredoxins AhpC, Tpx and Bcp were found to be required for detoxification of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). The high H2O2 tolerance of aerobic S. aureus cells was associated with priming by endogenous H2O2 levels, which was supported by an oxidative shift of the bacillithiol redox potential to −291 mV compared to −310 mV in microaerophilic cells. In contrast, S. aureus could be primed by sub-lethal doses of 100 µM H2O2 during microaerophilic growth to acquire an improved resistance towards the otherwise lethal triggering stimulus of 10 mM H2O2. This microaerophilic priming was dependent on increased KatA activity, whereas aerobic cells showed constitutive high KatA activity. Thus, KatA contributes to the high H2O2 resistance of aerobic cells and to microaerophilic H2O2 priming in order to survive the subsequent lethal triggering doses of H2O2, allowing the adaptation of S. aureus under infections to different oxygen environments.
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Cui J, Zhou M, Li Y, Liang Z, Li Y, Yu L, Liu Y, Liang Y, Chen L, Yang C. A New Optical Fiber Probe-Based Quantum Dots Immunofluorescence Biosensors in the Detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:665241. [PMID: 34136417 PMCID: PMC8203335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.665241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common clinical pathogenic bacteria with strong pathogenicity and usually leads to various suppurative infections with high fatality. Traditional bacterial culture for the detection of S. aureus is prone to diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment delays because of its long-time consumption and low sensitivity. In this study, we successfully developed a quantum dots immunofluorescence biosensor for S. aureus detection. The biosensor combined the advantages of biosensors with the high specificity of antigen-antibody immune interactions and the high sensitivity and stability of quantum dots fluorescence. The results demonstrated that the biosensor possessed high specificity and high sensitivity for S. aureus detection. The detection limit of S. aureus reached 1 × 104 CFU/ml or even 1 × 103 CFU/ml, and moreover, the fluorescence intensity had a significant positive linear correlation relationship with the logarithm of the S. aureus concentration in the range of 103–107 CFU/ml (correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9731, P = 0.011). A specificity experiment showed that this biosensor could effectively distinguish S. aureus (1 × 104 CFU/ml and above) from other common pathogenic (non-S. aureus) bacteria in nosocomial infections, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. Additionally, the whole detection procedure spent only 2 h. In addition, the biosensor in this study may not be affected by the interference of the biofilm or other secretions since the clinical biological specimens are need to be fully liquefied to digest and dissolve viscous secretions such as biofilms before the detection procedure of the biosensor in this study. In conclusion, the biosensor could meet the need for rapid and accurate S. aureus detection for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Cui
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minjuan Zhou
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Busche T, Tung QN, Lill R, Horvatek P, Wolz C, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The alarmone (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to oxidative stress during the stationary phase by maintenance of redox and iron homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:351-364. [PMID: 33144262 PMCID: PMC7754856 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing stationary phase bacteria are often tolerant to multiple stressors and antimicrobials. Here, we show that the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus develops a non-specific tolerance towards oxidative stress during the stationary phase, which is mediated by the nucleotide second messenger (p)ppGpp. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant was highly susceptible to HOCl stress during the stationary phase. Transcriptome analysis of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant revealed an increased expression of the PerR, SigB, QsrR, CtsR and HrcA regulons during the stationary phase, indicating an oxidative stress response. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a slight oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) and an impaired H2O2 detoxification due to higher endogenous ROS levels. The increased ROS levels in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant were shown to be caused by higher respiratory chain activity and elevated total and free iron levels. Consistent with these results, N-acetyl cysteine and the iron-chelator dipyridyl improved the growth and survival of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant under oxidative stress. Elevated free iron levels caused 8 to 31-fold increased transcription of Fe-storage proteins ferritin (ftnA) and miniferritin (dps) in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant, while Fur-regulated uptake systems for iron, heme or siderophores (efeOBU, isdABCDEFG, sirABC and sstADBCD) were repressed. Finally, the susceptibility of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant towards the bactericidal action of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was abrogated with N-acetyl cysteine and dipyridyl. Taken together, (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to ROS and antibiotics by down-regulation of respiratory chain activity and free iron levels, lowering ROS formation to ensure redox homeostasis in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institute of Cytobiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35037, Marburg, Germany; Research Center for Synthetic Microbiology SynMikro, Hans-Meerwein-Str., D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Horvatek
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Antelmann H. Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Chem 2020; 402:333-361. [PMID: 33544504 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
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