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Kim MK, Kim T, Choi J, Joo YE, Park H, Lee H, Lee C, Jang S, Vasseghian Y, Joo SW, Lee JI, Zoh KD. Analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor dust and organic thin films by house type in South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113782. [PMID: 35810805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in samples of indoor dust and organic thin films obtained from 100 residential houses in South Korea, were examined, based on both target analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and non-target analysis by gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) screening. In the targeted approach, phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in dust and organic film samples, to find that both these classes of SVOCs were detected in dust and organic film samples, with the median concentrations of eight phthalates (Σ8 phthalate) and 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAH) being 1015.93 μg/g and 1824.97 ng/g in the dust samples, and 75.79 μg/m2 and 2252.78 ng/m2 in the organic film samples, respectively. Among the phthalates, in all house types. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected at the highest concentration, followed by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobuthyl phthalate (DiBP), with DEHP levels found to be highest in dwelling houses. DEHP levels were found to be significantly associated with building age and renovation status. Lower levels of DEHP were detected in houses less than 10 years old or that had undergone renovation in the previous 10 years. Among the assessed PAHs, a significant correlation was detected between benzo(a)pyrene in dust and building age (p < 0.05). These findings imply that the inhabitants of older houses are at a greater risk of exposure to SVOCs originating from indoor dust and organic films. Non-target screening of selected dust and organic film samples using GC-QTOF-MS data revealed the presence of numerous SVOC compounds, including triphenylphosphine oxide, (Z)-9-octadecenamide, and cyclosiloxanes, along with certain organophosphate flame retardants including tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and plasticizers. These compounds identified in the non-target screening are of emerging concern, and their presence in dust and organic films needs to be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Choi
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Joo
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungjoo Park
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, 02713, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon, 13810, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Institute of Health & Environment, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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