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Edwards S, De Fine Licht HH. Rearing zombie flies: Laboratory culturing of the behaviourally manipulating fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae. MethodsX 2024; 12:102523. [PMID: 38179068 PMCID: PMC10765058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect pathogenic fungi (IPF) and insects have ubiquitous interactions in nature. The extent of these interkingdom host-pathogen interactions are both complex and diverse. Some IPF, notably of the order Entomophthorales, manipulate their species-specific host before death. The fungus-induced altered insect behaviours are sequential and can accurately be repeatedly characterised temporally, making them a valuable model for understanding the molecular and chemical underpinnings of behaviour and host-pathogen co-evolutionary biology. Here, we present methods for the isolation and laboratory culturing of the emerging behaviourally manipulating model IPF Entomophthora muscae for experimentation.•E. muscae isolation and culturing in vitro.•Establishing and maintaining an E. muscae culture in vivo in houseflies (Musca domestica).•Controlled E. muscae infections for virulence experiments and quantification of conidia discharge per cadaver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Edwards
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C. 1871, Denmark
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciencesv, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik H. De Fine Licht
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C. 1871, Denmark
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Gryganskyi AP, Hajek AE, Voloshchuk N, Idnurm A, Eilenberg J, Manfrino RG, Bushley KE, Kava L, Kutovenko VB, Anike F, Nie Y. Potential for Use of Species in the Subfamily Erynioideae for Biological Control and Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2024; 12:168. [PMID: 38257994 PMCID: PMC10820730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal order Entomophthorales in the Zoopagomycota includes many fungal pathogens of arthropods. This review explores six genera in the subfamily Erynioideae within the family Entomophthoraceae, namely, Erynia, Furia, Orthomyces, Pandora, Strongwellsea, and Zoophthora. This is the largest subfamily in the Entomophthorales, including 126 described species. The species diversity, global distribution, and host range of this subfamily are summarized. Relatively few taxa are geographically widespread, and few have broad host ranges, which contrasts with many species with single reports from one location and one host species. The insect orders infected by the greatest numbers of species are the Diptera and Hemiptera. Across the subfamily, relatively few species have been cultivated in vitro, and those that have require more specialized media than many other fungi. Given their potential to attack arthropods and their position in the fungal evolutionary tree, we discuss which species might be adopted for biological control purposes or biotechnological innovations. Current challenges in the implementation of these species in biotechnology include the limited ability or difficulty in culturing many in vitro, a correlated paucity of genomic resources, and considerations regarding the host ranges of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii P. Gryganskyi
- Division of Biological & Nanoscale Technologies, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Nataliya Voloshchuk
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Biotechnology and Ecology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (N.V.); (L.K.)
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Romina G. Manfrino
- CEPAVE—Center for Parasitological & Vector Studies, CONICET-National Scientific & Technical Research Council, UNLP-National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | | | - Liudmyla Kava
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Biotechnology and Ecology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (N.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Vira B. Kutovenko
- Agrobiological Faculty of Plant Protection, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Felicia Anike
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA;
| | - Yong Nie
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China;
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Eilenberg J, Keller S, Humber RA, Jensen AH, Jensen AB, Görg LM, Muskat LC, Kais B, Gross J, Patel AV. Pandora cacopsyllae Eilenberg, Keller & Humber (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), a new species infecting pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107954. [PMID: 37356706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The new species Pandora cacopsyllae Eilenberg, Keller & Humber (Entomophthorales) is described. The fungus was found on infected pear psyllids Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a pear orchard in Zealand, Denmark. Morphological structures (conidia, rhizoids, cystidia) were described on the designated type host C. pyri. In addition, conidia from an in vitro culture were described. Pandora cacopsyllae differs from other Pandora species by a) C. pyri is the natural host; b) conidia are different from other Pandora species infecting Psylloidea; c) ITS differs from other Pandora species infecting Hemiptera. The fungus has a high potential for future use in biological control of Cacopsylla pest species as well as other psyllids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | - Richard A Humber
- USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette H Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Annette B Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Louisa M Görg
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Linda C Muskat
- Geisenheim University, Department of Crop Protection, Von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Britta Kais
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Anant V Patel
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, WG Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld, Germany
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Automatic Gray Image Coloring Method Based on Convolutional Network. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5273698. [PMID: 35515498 PMCID: PMC9064524 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5273698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Image coloring is a time-consuming and laborious work. For a work, color collocation is an important factor to determine its quality. Therefore, automatic image coloring is a topic with great research significance and application value. With the development of computer hardware, deep learning technology has achieved satisfactory results in the field of automatic coloring. According to the source of color information, this paper can divide automatic coloring methods into three types: image coloring based on prior knowledge, image coloring based on reference pictures, and interactive coloring. The coloring method can meet the needs of most users, but there are disadvantages such as users cannot get the multiple objects in a picture of different reference graph coloring. Aiming at this problem, based on the instance of color image segmentation and image fusion technology, the use of deep learning is proposed to implement regional mixed color more and master the method. It can be divided into foreground color based on reference picture and background color based on prior knowledge. In order to identify multiple objects and background areas in the image and fuse the final coloring results together, a method of image coloring based on CNN is proposed in this paper. Firstly, CNN is used to extract their semantic information, respectively. According to the extractive semantic information, the color of the designated area of the reference image is transferred to the designated area of the grayscale image. During the transformation, images combined with semantic information are input into CNN model to obtain the content feature map of grayscale image and the style feature map of reference image. Then, a random noise map is iterated to make the noise map approach the content feature map as a whole and the specific target region approach the designated area of the style feature map. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good effect on image coloring and has great advantages in network volume and coloring effect.
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Muskat LC, Görg LM, Humbert P, Gross J, Eilenberg J, Patel AV. Encapsulation of the psyllid-pathogenic fungus Pandora sp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:991-999. [PMID: 34783145 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) (ARSEF 13372) is a recently isolated entomophthoralean fungus with potential for psyllid pest control. This study aimed to develop a formulation based on biocompatible hydrogel beads in order to transfer the fungus into an easily applicable form and to test the effects on psyllids. RESULTS After encapsulation in calcium alginate beads, Pandora sp. nov. grew from the beads and discharged conidia over 12 days under optimal humidity conditions at 18 °C. Conidial number was increased 2.95-fold by the addition of skimmed milk as nutritional formulation adjuvant to the beads. The virulence of the encapsulated fungus was assessed with the two target psyllid species; the summer apple psyllid, Cacopsylla picta and the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla pyri. Beads containing skimmed milk as nutritional adjuvant led to the highest mortalities (48.3% on C. picta and 75.0% on C. pyri). In a second bioassay, survival time of C. pyri exposed to beads containing different concentration (10%, 20% or 40%) of Pandora sp. nov. was tested. The survival time of C. pyri was significantly reduced when exposed to beads containing 10% or 20% Pandora sp. nov. The median survival time was reached after 5-6 days past inoculation and the cumulative mortality for C. pyri treated with Pandora sp. nov. beads showed up to 89% mortality. CONCLUSION The promising results of this study will ease the way for large-scale field application of a novel Pandora species in biological psyllid pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Muskat
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Louisa M Görg
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Pascal Humbert
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anant V Patel
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
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Quantitative detection of cervical cancer based on time series information from smear images. Appl Soft Comput 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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