Craniotomy for acute monitoring of pial vessels in the rodent brain

Rodent brain extraction and dissection: A comprehensive approach

The neuroscience is continuously expanding field, and conducting experiments serves as one of the most effective approaches to enhance and broad our understanding of this fascinating field. Most of the lab work in neuroscience involves the use of animal models such as rats and mice for experiments dedicated to monitoring cerebral changes. The study:•Introduces a practical method for brain extraction without perfusion with paraformaldehyde prioritizing brain integrity and avoiding damage.•Offers a detailed, step-by-step dissection guide for different brain regions, including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, and medial prefrontal cortex, from rodent brains, accompanied by high-resolution images that provide anatomical clarity.•Presents enhanced reliability, precision, and detailed anatomical descriptions.Conclusion: This study has introduced a reliable technique for brain extraction that eliminates the need for paraformaldehyde perfusion. Furthermore, a comprehensive methodology has been presented for extracting different brain regions from rodent brains.

Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies impaired neurovascular coupling following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves an acute injury (primary damage), which may evolve in the hours to days after impact (secondary damage). Seizures and cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) are metabolically demanding processes that may worsen secondary brain injury. Metabolic stress has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including impaired calcium homeostasis, reduced ATP production, and elevated ROS production. However, the association between mitochondrial impairment and vascular function after TBI is poorly understood. Here, we explored this association using a rodent closed head injury model. CSD is associated with neurobehavioral decline after TBI. Craniotomy was performed to elicit CSD via electrical stimulation or to induce seizures via 4-aminopyridine application. We measured vascular dysfunction following CSDs and seizures in TBI animals using laser doppler flowmetry. We observed a more profound reduction in local cortical blood flow in TBI animals compared to healthy controls. CSD resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological signs of increased oxidative stress adjacent to the vasculature. We explored these findings further using electron microscopy and found that TBI and CSDs resulted in vascular morphological changes and mitochondrial cristae damage in astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells. Overall, we provide evidence that CSDs induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cortical blood flow, and neurobehavioral deficits in the setting of TBI.