The reliability of evaporation ponds as a final basin for industrial effluent: Demonstration of an environmental risk management methodology

Photothermal self-floating aerogels based on chitosan functionalized with polydopamine and carbon nanotubes for removal of arsenic from wastewater

Although wastewater disposal in evaporation ponds may be a cost-effective strategy for wastewater management, it overlooks water recycling and can possibly pose significant threats to the surrounding environment. The development of photothermal materials with functional groups capable of adsorbing toxic contaminants offers a promising opportunity for detoxification and potentially solar-driven recycling of wastewater disposed in evaporation ponds. In this study, ultralight aerogels based on chitosan (Ch), a natural biodegradable polymer, functionalized with mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were fabricated through a facile approach and examined for the removal of arsenic from water. Three aerogels, namely chitosan, CNT/Ch, and PDA@CNT/Ch were fabricated and characterized using SEM, FTIR, TGA, XPS, and BET surface area analysis. Adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics were systematically investigated, revealing the feasibility of the fabricated aerogels for arsenic removal from aqueous solutions. The UV-Vis and photothermal analysis indicated excellent light-absorption and light-to-heat conversion performance of the functionalized aerogels. Arsenic adsorption by aerogels occurred rapidly and reached equilibrium within 30 to 60 min and was well-fitted by pseudo second-order kinetics model. The Langmuir model well described the adsorption isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 31.5, 36.6, and 38.7 mg/g at neutral pH for chitosan, CNT/Ch, and PDA@CNT/Ch, respectively. The adsorption mechanism was studied by FTIR and XPS analysis and the adsorption pathway was evaluated using intraparticle diffusion model. This study broadens the scope of utilizing aerogels for the detoxification and potential recycling of wastewater from diverse sources and effluents disposed in evaporation ponds.