Effect of PON1 gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

The association of the paraoxonase 1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian patients suspected of CAD

Introduction

The present study aimed to investigate the association of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian patients suspected of CAD.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 428 patients undergoing angiography. The data related to demographic information and physical activity were collected by valid and reliable questionnaires. The PON-1 genotypes were detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) technique. The Gensini and SYNTAX score, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and clinical parameters were measured by standard protocols.

Results and discussion

Findings indicated that the odds of obesity was significantly higher in people with the RR genotype compared to the QQ genotype carriers (OR: 2.95 CI: 1.25-6.93, P = 0.014) and also odds of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was marginally higher (OR: 2.31 CI: 0.97-5.49, P = 0.056). There was no significant association between other CAD risk factors with PON1 Q192R polymorphism (P > 0.05). Further analysis showed a significant interaction between sex and 192QR (P = 0.019) and 192 RR (P = 0.007) genotypes on body mass index (BMI). More specifically, the risk of obesity in men carrying the RR genotype was 3.38 times (OR: 3.38 CI: 1.08-10.58, P = 0.036). Also, a significant joint effect of the RR genotype and sex on HDL-C was seen (P = 0.003). The stratification based on sex showed that the risk of low HDL-C is significantly higher in women carrying the RR genotype (OR: 6.18 CI: 1.21-31.46, P = 0.028). A marginal sex-genotype interaction was also found in the risk of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.057). In summary, the findings showed that the risk of obesity and low HDL-C was higher in people carrying the RR genotype. On the other hand, a Q192R polymorphism-sex interaction was observed on the risk of obesity, elevated ALT, and low HDL-C.

Identification and clinical validation of EMT-associated prognostic features based on hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to construct a model based on the prognostic features associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to explore the various mechanisms and therapeutic strategies available for the treatment of metastasis and invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.

METHODS

EMT-associated genes were identified, and their molecular subtypes were determined by consistent clustering analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the molecular subtypes were ascertained using the limma package and they were subjected to functional enrichment analysis. The immune cell scores of the molecular subtypes were evaluated using ESTIMATE, MCPcounter, and GSCA packages of R. A multi-gene prognostic model was constructed using lasso regression, and the immunotherapeutic effects of the model were analyzed using the Imvigor210 cohort. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on a cohort of HCC tissue to validate gene expression.

RESULTS

Based on the 59 EMT-associated genes identified, the 365-liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) samples were divided into two subtypes, C1 and C2. The C1 subtype mostly showed poor prognosis, had higher immune scores compared to the C2 subtype, and showed greater correlation with pathways of tumor progression. A four-gene signature construct was fabricated based on the 1130 DEGs among the subtypes. The construct was highly robust and showed stable predictive efficacy when validated using datasets from different platforms (HCCDB18 and GSE14520). Additionally, compared to currently existing models, our model demonstrated better performance. The results of the immunotherapy cohort showed that patients in the low-risk group have a better immune response, leading to a better patient's prognosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression levels of the FTCD, PON1, and TMEM45A were significantly over-expressed in 41 normal samples compared to HCC samples, while that of the G6PD was significantly over-expressed in cancerous tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

The four-gene signature construct fabricated based on the EMT-associated genes provides valuable information to further study the pathogenesis and clinical management of HCC.

The Association between PON1 (Q192R and L55M) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis Based on 43 Studies

Q192R and L55M polymorphism were considered to be associated with the development of multiple cancers. Nevertheless, the results of these researches were inconclusive and controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of all eligible case-control studies to assess the association between PON1 (Q192R and L55M) gene polymorphisms and risk of cancer. With the STATA 14.0 software, we evaluated the strength of the association by using the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 43 case-control publications 19887 cases and 23842 controls were employed in our study. In all genetic models, a significant association between PON1-L55M polymorphisms and overall cancer risk was observed. Moreover, in the stratified analyses by cancer type, polymorphism of PON1-L55M played a risk factor in the occurrence of breast cancer, hematologic cancer, and prostate cancer. Similarly, an increased risk was observed in the Caucasian and Asian population as well as hospital-based group and population-based group. For PON1-Q192R polymorphisms, in the stratified analyses by cancer type, PON1-Q192R allele was associated with reduced cancer risks in breast cancer. Furthermore, for racial stratification, there was a reduced risk of cancer in recession model in Caucasian population. Similarly, in the stratification analysis of control source, the overall risk of cancer was reduced in the heterozygote comparison and dominant model in the population-based group. In conclusion, PON1-Q192R allele decreased the cancer risk especially breast cancer; there was an association between PON1-L55M allele and increased overall cancer risk. However, we need a larger sample size, well-designed in future and at protein levels to confirm these findings.

Evaluation of the prognostic value of paraoxonase 1 in the recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and establishment of a liver-specific predictive model of survival

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor with a highly invasive and metastatic phenotype, and the detection of potential indicators associated with its recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection is critical for patient survival.

Methods

Transcriptome data for large cohorts (n = 1432) from multicenter sources were comprehensively analyzed to explore such potential signatures. The prognostic value of the selected indicators was investigated and discussed, and a comparison with conventional clinicopathological features was performed. A survival predictive nomogram for 5-year survival was established with the selected indicator using the Cox proportional hazards regression. To validate the indicator at the protein level, we performed immunohistochemical staining with paraffin-embedded slides of hepatocellular carcinoma samples (n = 67 patients) from our hospital. Finally, a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to detect the underlying biological processes and internal mechanisms.

Results

The liver-specific protein paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was found to be the most relevant indicator of tumor recurrence, invasiveness, and metastasis in the present study, and the downregulation of PON1 might reveal poor survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The C-index of the PON1-related nomogram was 0.714, thus indicating a more effective predictive performance than the 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor stage (0.534), AJCC T stage (0.565), or alpha-fetoprotein (0.488). The GSEA revealed that PON1 was associated with several hepatocellular carcinoma-related pathways, including the cell cycle, DNA replication, gap junction and p53 downstream pathways.

Conclusions

The downregulation of paraoxonase 1 may suggest worse outcomes and a higher recurrence rate. Thus, paraoxonase 1 might represent an indicator for predicting the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1707-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of Paraoxonase-1 variants on course of severity and mortality of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-binding protein which defense the body against oxidative stress. To investigate the role of the PON1 gene in CCHF, we screened the genotypes of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (Q192R [rs662] and L55M [rs854560]) in CCHF patients stratified according to course of severity and mortality by using PCR-based RFLP assay. Overall, 132 patients diagnosed as CCHF were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of the three genotypes and two alleles of Q192R and L55M polymorphisms didn't show any statistically significant differences in terms of mortality and disease severity (p > 0.05). Any statistically significant differences were not found between severe and mild and fatal and non-fatal CCHF patients according to seven composite genotypes (p > 0.05). When we analyzed the clinical characteristics of CCHF patients stratified according to PON1gene polymorphisms, any statistically significant differences were not also observed (p > 0.05). Our study showed no possible association between genotypes of PON1 gene Q192R and L55M polymorphisms and CCHF.

Paraoxonase 3 inhibits cell proliferation and serves as a prognostic predictor in hepatocellular carcinoma

Paraoxonase 3 (PON3) exerts prominent anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation properties mainly at the cellular level, and is primarily expressed in the liver. However, its role in HCC remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the expression pattern, clinical significance, and function of PON3 in HCC. PON3 mRNA and protein levels were respectively determined in two large cohorts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue microarray. We found that PON3 was downregulated in most HCCs. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test showed that PON3 downregulation predicted shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) time in all HCC patients, especially early-stage HCC patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that the PON3 downregulation was an independent risk factor for RFS and OS. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that PON3 suppressed cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro, which was attributed to its cell-cycle arrest effect. In addition, microarray analysis showed that some pro-proliferative genes were elevated when PON3 was knockdown, and these genes possibly involved in the underlying mechanisms. In conclusion, our studies reveal the cell proliferation inhibitory function of PON3 and offer a potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for HCC.

Association between L55M polymorphism in Paraoxonase 1 and cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 21 studies

L55M polymorphism in Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been regarded as a risk factor for many cancer types. Nevertheless, the results remain controversial and inconclusive. We therefore performed a meta-analysis of all eligible case–control studies to evaluate the association between L55M polymorphism and cancer risk. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the associations. Finally, a total of 5,627 cases and 6,390 controls, arising from 21 case–control studies, were enrolled in our study. Significant associations between PON1-L55M polymorphism and overall cancer risk were identified in all genetic models. In the stratified analyses by cancer type, PON1-L55M polymorphism was a risk factor for breast cancer in all genetic models, prostate cancer in the heterozygote model (ML vs LL: OR =1.304, 95% CI =1.049–1.620, P_{heterogeneity}=0.067), and ovarian cancer in the recessive model (MM vs ML/LL: OR =1.526, 95% CI =1.110–2.097, P_{heterogeneity}=0.464). Similarly, an increased risk was also identified for the Caucasian population in the heterozygote comparison and homozygote models, and hospital-based controls in all genetic models. To sum up, our study suggests that the PON1-L55M allele increased the risk of cancer. Future well-designed studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further verify these findings.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R Gene Polymorphism and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Based on 30 Publications

Common genetic variation Q192R in the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene has been considered to be implicated in the development of many cancers. Nevertheless, results from the related studies were inconsistent. To elucidate the association, we performed a meta-analysis for 8,112 cases and 10,037 controls from 32 published case-control studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association by STATA 12.0 software. Overall, we revealed that the PON1-192R allele was associated with a reduced risk of the overall cancers. Moreover, in the stratified analysis by cancer types (breast cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer etc.), the results showed that PON1-192R allele was associated with a decreased risk in breast cancer (R vs Q: OR=0.605, 95% CI=0.378-0.967, Pheterogeneity=0.000; RR vs QQ: OR=0.494, 95% CI=0.275-0.888, Pheterogeneity=0.002; RQ vs QQ: OR=0.465, 95% CI=0.259-0.835, Pheterogeneity=0.000; and RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=0.485, 95% CI=0.274-0.857, Pheterogeneity=0.000), and associated with prostate cancer in homozygote (RR vs QQ: OR=0.475, 95% CI=0.251- 0.897, Pheterogeneity=0.001) and recessive models (RR vs RQ+QQ: OR=0.379, 95% CI=0.169-0.853, Pheterogeneity=0.000), while an increased risk was identified in lymphoma (R vs Q: OR=1.537, 95% CI=1.246-1.896, Pheterogeneity=0.944; RR vs QQ: OR=2.987, 95% CI=1.861-4.795, Pheterogeneity=0.350; RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=1.354, 95% CI=1.021-1.796, Pheterogeneity=0.824; and RR vs RQ+QQ: OR=2.934, 95% CI=1.869-4.605, Pheterogeneity=0.433), and an increased risk in prostate cancer under heterozygote comparison (RQ vs QQ: OR=1.782, 95% CI=1.077-2.950, Pheterogeneity=0.000) and dominant models (RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=1.281, 95% CI=1.044-1.573, Pheterogeneity=0.056). When subgroup analysis that performed by the control source (hospital based or population based), a decreased risk of the overall cancers was revealed by homozygote (RR vs QQ: OR=0.601, 95% CI=0.366-0.987, Pheterogeneity=0.000) and dominant models (RR vs RQ+QQ: OR=0.611, 95% CI=0.384-0.973, Pheterogeneity=0.000) in hospital based group. Stratifying by ethnicity, a significantly reduced risk of the overall cancers under allele contrast model (R vs Q: OR=0.788, 95% CI=0.626-0.993, Pheterogeneity=0.000) was uncovered in Caucasian. In summary, these findings suggested that PON1 Q192R polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of the overall cancers, nevertheless, it might increase cancer susceptibility of prostate and lymphoma risk. Large well-designed epidemiological studies will be continued on this issue of interest.

Association of paraoxonase-1(Q192R and L55M) gene polymorphisms and activity with colorectal cancer and effect of surgical intervention

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Oxidative DNA damage may contribute to cancer risk and the antioxidant paraoxonase is one endogenous free radical scavenger in the human body which could therefore exert an influeence.

PURPOSE

Aim of this study was to determine the role of serum arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase 1(PON1) activities in CRC patients and to find any association between (PON1) Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms in CRC patients. Also the serum ARE and PON1 activities in CRC patients will be investigated before and after surgery Materials and Methods: This study involved a total of 50 patients with newly diagnosed CRC and 80 healthy controls. PON1 and ARE activities were determined using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. PON1 Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based restriction fragment analysis. The restriction enzyme AlwI was used to examine the Q192R polymorphism and Hsp92II for the L55M polymorphism.

RESULTS

Significant differences in the PON1 Q192R polymorphism were found between patients and controls. The Q allele was more frequent in the patient group than in controls, while the R allele was more frequent in the controls. Significant differences were found in the L55M polymorphism. Additionally, there were significant differences in L and M allele frequencies (p=0.001). The serum activities of PON1 and ARE were low in QQ and MM genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

serum PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in CRC patients compared to healthy subjects. The R allele may protect against colorectal cancer.

Association of Paraoxonase 1 Gene Polymorphisms With the Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-related Liver Diseases in a Guangxi Population: A Case-control Study

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a liver-induced glycoprotein enzyme responsible for antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory, has been linked to various cancers. The objective of this study was to explore the association of PON1 rs662 and rs705382 with the risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients living in the Guangxi region of southern China. The PON1 rs662 and rs705382 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 99 CHB patients, 84 LC patients, 258 HCC patients, and 221 healthy controls.Significant associations with CHB risk were observed for the rs705382 SNP after adjusting for sex, age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. When stratified by sex and age, this positive association was significantly strengthened among men and individuals over 40 years old. Moreover, a decreased risk of LC was associated with the rs705382 CG and the combined GG + CG genotypes among women, with borderline statistical significance. In haplotype analyses, the haplotype GA was associated with a 1.68-fold increase in the risk of HCC.Our results showed that the PON1 rs705382 SNP might be a risk factor for CHB in Guangxi populations.