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Pujari A, Modaboyina S, Agarwal D, Saluja G, Thangavel R, Rakheja V, Saxena R, Sharma N, Titiyal JS, Kumar A. Myopia in India. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:163-176. [PMID: 35082484 PMCID: PMC8786354 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s349393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
India is a culturally and geographically diverse nation. Its vast demographic nature does not allow a single definition for any of the given medical conditions in its territory. One important clinical condition which has created an uproar in the rest of the world is myopia. Its cause, prevalence, etiopathogenesis and other factors are being explored constantly; however, data with respect to Indian subcontinent are genuinely missing. Hence, in this review, we enumerate the country’s myopia journey from last 4 decades. The epidemiology, genetics, ocular/systemic association, quality of life, imaging, and management in myopia with necessary future directives are discussed to augment the overall management in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence: Amar Pujari, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room no. 212, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India, Email
| | - Sujeeth Modaboyina
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Agarwal
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Saluja
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeswari Thangavel
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Rakheja
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeewan S Titiyal
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Bansal M, Tandon R, Saxena R, Sharma A, Sen S, Kishore A, Venkatesh P, Maiti S, Chakraborty D. Ophthalmic genetics practice and research in India: Vision in 2020. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:718-727. [PMID: 32865332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic genetics is a much needed and growing area in India. Ethnic diversity, with a high degree of consanguinity, has led to a high prevalence of genetic disorders in the country. As the second most populous country in the world, this naturally results in a significant number of affected people overall. Practice involves coherent association between ophthalmologists, genetic counselor and pediatricians. Eye genetics in India in recent times has witnessed advanced research using cutting edge diagnostics, next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, stem cell therapies, gene therapy and genomic editing. This article will highlight the studies reporting genetic variations in the country, challenges in practice, and the latest advances in ophthalmic genetic research in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Bansal
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi, India.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Arundhati Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sagnik Sen
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alisha Kishore
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Venkatesh
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Debojyoti Chakraborty
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi, India
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Li J, Zhang Q. Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia. Mol Vis 2017; 23:1048-1080. [PMID: 29386878 PMCID: PMC5757860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular genetics of myopia are well established and have implicated the important role of genetic factors. With linkage analysis, association studies, sequencing analysis, and experimental myopia studies, many of the loci and genes associated with myopia have been identified. Thus far, there has been no systemic review of the loci and genes related to non-syndromic and syndromic myopia based on the different approaches. Such a systemic review of the molecular genetics of myopia will provide clues to identify additional plausible genes for myopia and help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia. This paper reviews recent genetic studies on myopia, summarizes all possible reported genes and loci related to myopia, and suggests implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Rong SS, Tang FY, Chu WK, Ma L, Yam JCS, Tang SM, Li J, Gu H, Young AL, Tham CC, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Genetic Associations of Primary Angle-Closure Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1211-21. [PMID: 26854036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TOPIC Systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic associations of primary angle-closure disease (PACD). CLINICAL RELEVANCE To confirm the genetic biomarkers for PACD, including primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and related phenotypes. METHODS We searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for genetic studies of PACG or other PACD published from the start dates of the databases to May 11, 2015. We estimated the summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each polymorphism in PACG, primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), and primary angle-closure (PAC) using fixed- or random-effect models. We also performed sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS Our literature search yielded 6463 reports. Among them, we identified 24 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis, involving 28 polymorphisms in 11 genes/loci. We affirmed the association of PACG and combined PACS/PAC/PACG with 10 polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci, including COL11A1 (rs3753841-G, OR, 1.22; P = 0.00046), HGF (rs17427817-C, OR, 2.02; P = 6.9E-07; rs5745718-A, OR, 2.11; P = 9.9E-07), HSP70 (rs1043618, GG+GC, OR, 0.52; P = 0.0010), MFRP (rs2510143-C, OR, 0.66; P = 0.012; rs3814762-G, OR, 1.40; P = 0.0090), MMP9 (rs3918249-C, OR, 1.35; P = 0.034), NOS3 (rs7830-A, OR, 0.80; P = 0.036), PLEKHA7 (rs11024102-G, OR, 1.24; P = 8.3E-05), and PCMTD1-ST18 (rs1015213-A, OR, 1.59; P = 0.00013). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed multiple polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci as genetic biomarkers for PACD, among which 3 were identified in a genome-wide association study (COL11A1, PLEKHA7, and PCMTD1-ST18), and 5 were identified in candidate gene studies (HGF, HSP70, MFRP, MMP9, and NOS3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Yao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C S Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Yen CT, Jin SC. Aspherical Lens Design Using Genetic Algorithm for Reducing Aberrations in Multifocal Artificial Intraocular Lens. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:6309-6325. [PMID: 28793565 PMCID: PMC5512912 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A complex intraocular lens (IOL) design involving numerous uncertain variables is proposed. We integrated a genetic algorithm (GA) with the commercial optical design software of (CODE V) to design a multifocal IOL for the human eye. We mainly used an aspherical lens in the initial state to the crystalline type; therefore, we used the internal human eye model in the software. The proposed optimized algorithm employs a GA method for optimally simulating the focusing function of the human eye; in this method, the thickness and curvature of the anterior lens and the posterior part of the IOL were varied. A comparison of the proposed GA-designed IOLs and those designed using a CODE V built-in optimal algorithm for 550 degrees myopia and 175 degrees astigmatism conditions of the human eye for pupil size 6 mm showed that the proposed IOL design improved the spot size of root mean square (RMS), tangential coma (TCO) and modulation transfer function (MTF) at a spatial frequency of 30 with a pupil size of 6 mm by approximately 17%, 43% and 35%, respectively. However, the worst performance of spherical aberration (SA) was lower than 46%, because the optical design involves a tradeoff between all aberrations. Compared with the traditional CODE V built-in optimal scheme, the proposed IOL design can efficiently improve the critical parameters, namely TCO, RMS, and MTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ta Yen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Cyuan Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan.
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