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Ammour A, Aberkane M, Boudjema A, Boughrara W, Benchekor SM. The Frequencies distribution of CYP3A5 rs776746 and ABCB1 rs1045642 polymorphisms in the west Algerian population and relationships with pharmacogenetics. Afr Health Sci 2024; 24:307-312. [PMID: 38962329 PMCID: PMC11217850 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v24i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacogenetic markers, such as the ATP Binding Cassette (ABCB1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 enzymes, play a crucial role in personalized medicine by influencing drug efficacy and toxicity based on individuals' or populations' genetic variations.This study aims to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 (rs776746) and ABCB1 (rs1045642) in the West Algerian population and compare the genotypes and allelic distributions with those of various ethnic groups. Methods The study involved 472 unrelated healthy subjects from the Western Algerian population. DNA genotyping was performed using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The variants in our population were compared to those in other ethnic groups available in the 1000 Genomes Project. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated using the chi-square test and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Results The minor allele frequencies were found to be 0.21 for CYP3A5 6986A and 0.34 for ABCB1 3435T. These frequencies were similar to those observed in North African populations, while notable differences were observed in comparison to certain Caucasian and African populations. Conclusion The difference in the allelic and genotypic distribution of these polymorphisms emphasize the need for dose adjustments in drugs metabolized by CYP3A5 and transported by ABCB1 to optimize treatments outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ammour
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LGMC), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed BOUDIAF (USTO-MB), BP 1505, El M'naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Meriem Aberkane
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LGMC), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed BOUDIAF (USTO-MB), BP 1505, El M'naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, 31000 Oran, Algeria
- Service de cytogénétique et de biologie moléculaire, Etablissement hospitalo-universitaire d'Oran (EHUO)
| | - Abdallah Boudjema
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LGMC), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed BOUDIAF (USTO-MB), BP 1505, El M'naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Wefa Boughrara
- Service de cytogénétique et de biologie moléculaire, Etablissement hospitalo-universitaire d'Oran (EHUO)
- École Supérieure en Sciences Biologiques d'Oran (ESSBO), BP 1042, Saim Mohamed 31003, Oran, Algeria
| | - Sounnia Mediene Benchekor
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, 31000 Oran, Algeria
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Ali Z, Elewa H. The Effect of CYP2C19 and Nongenetic Factors on Clopidogrel Responsiveness in the MENA Region: A Systematic Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619875520. [PMID: 31512486 PMCID: PMC6829969 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619875520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is the cornerstone antiplatelet used in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic events. Some studies examined the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism and nongenetic factors on clopidogrel response in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. However, the consistency among these studies is yet unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of CYP2C19 genetic variants in MENA region and to evaluate the effect of these variants as well as the nongenetic factors on clopidogrel responsiveness. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant articles. Only observational studies were included. A total of 20 studies in 8 different populations were included. The CYP2C19*2 variant is the most prevalent loss-of-function (LOF) allele in the MENA region (1.7%-35%). The frequency of CYP2C19*17 ranged from 5.3% to 26.9%. Of the 9 studies, 6 found an association between carriers of at least 1 LOF allele and clopidogrel resistance. Older age, high body mass index, females, and the use of calcium channel blockers were associated with clopidogrel resistance as well. Association between the CYP2C19*2 allele and clopidogrel resistance is common among MENA populations. Future studies should focus on having larger sample sizes to detect other minor variant alleles and their effect on bleeding and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hazem Elewa
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Hazem Elewa, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University,
Doha 2713, Qatar.
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3
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Ayesh BM, Al-Astal IR, Yassin MM. The clinical effects of CYP2C19 *2 allele frequency on Palestinian patients receiving clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 41:96-103. [PMID: 30656556 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-00782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundCYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphic alleles (*2 and *3) have been documented to impair clopidogrel metabolism, and represent a risk factor for major adverse cardiac events. CYP2C19 polymorphism exhibits marked ethnic heterogeneity. Objective To determine the prevalence of CYP2C19 *2 and *3 alleles in a cohort of Palestinian patients managed with percutaneous coronary intervention and dual antiplatelet therapy, and to determine their role in causing major adverse cardiac events. Setting The blood samples were collected at the European Gaza Hospital, and the molecular techniques performed at the molecular genetics laboratory of the Islamic university of Gaza. Method The frequency of CYP2C19 *2 and *3 alleles was determined in 110 patients managed with percutaneous coronary intervention and clopidogrel. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. Personal and clinical data was obtained from patient record and 6-month follow-up for major adverse cardiac events. Main outcome measureCYP2C19 genotype, personal and clinical data and incidence of major adverse cardiac events. Results The frequency of CYP2C19 *1, *2 and *3 alleles was 82.3%, 15.5% and 2.3% respectively. Genotyping analysis showed that, 67.3% were homozygotes for CYP2C19 *1, 27.3% were *1/*2, 2.7% with *1/*3 genotype, 1.8% were *2/*3 and 0.9% were *2/*2. These frequencies were consistent with those of Caucasian populations. According to this study the poor metabolizers phenotype frequency was 2.7%, which is in the same range reported in Caucasians (2-5%) and lower than Oriental populations 13-23%. A strong significant relation was found between major adverse cardiac events and carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *2 (P = 0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant relation between major adverse cardiac events and carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *3 (P = 0.324). Conclusion The CYP2C19 *2 allele is relatively common in our population, and its associated reduced metabolic activity deserves attention as it leads to an increased incidence of major adverse cardiac events in the follow-up of patients receiving clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim M Ayesh
- Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alaqsa University, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Ibrahim R Al-Astal
- Naser Medical Complex, Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Maged M Yassin
- Faculty of Medicine, the Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
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4
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Sivadas A, Scaria V. Population-scale genomics-Enabling precision public health. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2018; 103:119-161. [PMID: 30904093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current excitement for affordable genomics technologies and national precision medicine initiatives marks a turning point in worldwide healthcare practices. The last decade of global population sequencing efforts has defined the enormous extent of genetic variation in the human population resulting in insights into differential disease burden and response to therapy within and between populations. Population-scale pharmacogenomics helps to provide insights into the choice of optimal therapies and an opportunity to estimate, predict and minimize adverse events. Such an approach can potentially empower countries to formulate national selection and dosing policies for therapeutic agents thereby promoting public health with precision. We review the breadth and depth of worldwide population-scale sequencing efforts and its implications for the implementation of clinical pharmacogenetics toward making precision medicine a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Sivadas
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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5
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Novkovic M, Matic D, Kusic-Tisma J, Antonijevic N, Radojkovic D, Rakicevic L. Analysis of the CYP2C19 genotype associated with bleeding in Serbian STEMI patients who have undergone primary PCI and treatment with clopidogrel. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 74:443-451. [PMID: 29260275 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bleeding is one of the possible adverse events during clopidogrel therapy. The CYP2C19 gene is the most significant genetic factor which influences response to clopidogrel treatment. We aimed to examine the contribution of the CYP2C19 gene to bleeding occurrence during clopidogrel therapy in Serbian patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS This case-control study included 53 patients who experienced bleeding and 55 patients without bleeding. Bleeding events were defined and classified using the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. All patients were prescribed daily doses of clopidogrel during the 1-year follow-up after PCI. The CYP2C19*17 (c.-806C>T, rs12248560), rs11568732 (c.-889T>G, CYP2C19*20), CYP2C19*2 (c.681G>A; rs4244285) and CYP2C19*3 (c.636G>A; rs4986893) variants were analysed in all 108 patients. Additionally, sequencing of all nine exons, 5'UTR and 3'UTR in the rs11568732 carriers was performed. RESULTS Association between bleeding (BARC type ≥ 2) and the CYP2C19*17 variant was not observed [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-1.1; p = 0.107). The rs11568732 variant showed significant association with bleeding (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.12-12.44; p = 0.025). Also, we found that the rs11568732 variant appears independently of haplotype CYP2C19*3B, which is contrary to the previous findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the absence of CYP2C19*17 influence and turn the attention to the potential significance of the rs11568732 variant in terms of adverse effects of clopidogrel. However, it is necessary to conduct an independent conformation study in order to verify this finding. Also, an analysis of the functional implication of the rs11568732 variant is necessary in order to confirm the significance of this variant, both in relation to its influence on gene expression and in relation to its medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Novkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Matic
- Emergency Department, Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kusic-Tisma
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Antonijevic
- Emergency Department, Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Rakicevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Barlas İÖ, Sezgin O, Dandara C, Türköz G, Yengel E, Cindi Z, Ankaralı H, Şardaş S. Harnessing Knowledge on Very Important Pharmacogenes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Variation for Precision Medicine in Resource-Limited Global Conflict Zones. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 20:604-609. [PMID: 27726640 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics harnesses the utility of a patient's genome (n = 1) in decisions on which therapeutic drugs and in what amounts should be administered. Often, patients with shared ancestry present with comparable genetic profiles that predict drug response. However, populations are not static, thus, often, population mobility through migration, especially enmasse as is seen for refugees, changes the pharmacogenetic profiles of resultant populations and therefore observed responses to commonly used therapeutic drugs. For example, in the aftermath of the Syrian civil war since 2011, millions have fled their homes to neighboring countries in the Middle East. The growing permanence of refugees and mass migrations is a call to shift our focus in the life sciences community from old models of pharmaceutical innovation. These seismic social changes demand faster decisions for "population-to-population bridging," whereby novel drugs developed in or for particular regions/countries can meet with rational regulatory decisions/approval in world regions impacted by migrant/refugee populations whose profiles are dynamic, such as in the Eastern Mediterranean region at present. Thus, it is important to characterize and report on the prevalence of pharmacogenes that affect commonly used medications and predict if population changes may call for attention to particular differences that may impact health of patients. Thus, we report here on four single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes among Mersin-Turkish healthy volunteers in the Mersin Province in the Eastern Mediterranean region that is currently hosting a vast number of migrant populations from Syria. Both CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are very important pharmacogene molecular targets. We compare and report here on the observed SNP genetic variation in our sample with data on 12 world populations from dbSNP and discuss the feasibility of forecasting the pharmacokinetics of drugs utilized by migrant communities in Mersin and the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study can serve as a catalyst to invest in research in Syrian populations currently living in the Eastern Mediterranean. The findings have salience for rapid and rational regulatory decision-making for worldwide precision medicine and, specifically, "pharmacogenovigilance-guided bridging of pharmacokinetics" across world populations in the current era of planetary scale migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Ömer Barlas
- 1 Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sezgin
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty of Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Collet Dandara
- 3 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gözde Türköz
- 1 Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Emre Yengel
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty of Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zinhle Cindi
- 3 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Handan Ankaralı
- 4 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Düzce University 81620, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Semra Şardaş
- 5 Pharmacogenetics and Drug Safety Unit, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Mirzaev KB, Sychev DA, Ryzhikova KA, Konova OD, Mammaev SN, Gafurov DM, Shuev GN, Grishina EA, Sozaeva ZA. Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Transport Proteins in a Russian Population and Three Ethnic Groups of Dagestan. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:747-753. [PMID: 29023140 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of polymorphic markers of the CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, SLCO1B1, and ABCB1 genes among the three ethnic groups in Dagestan and compare it with the carrier frequency of these markers among the Russian population living in Moscow. METHODS The study involved 186 healthy, unrelated, and chronic medication-free volunteers (53 males and 133 females) of the three ethnic groups in the Dagestan Republic: 46 Laks, 90 Avars, and 50 Dargins. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction-based methods. The allelic prevalences of the three Dagestan peoples were compared with ethnic Russians from the Moscow region. RESULTS Statistically significant differences for the following gene polymorphisms: CYP2C19*17, CYP2C9*3, ABCB1 (C3435T), SLCO1B1*5 were found between the Russian population and the three ethnic groups of the Dagestan republic. CONCLUSION The data obtained from this study will help with prioritization genotyping in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Mirzaev
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Sychev
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina A Ryzhikova
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga D Konova
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suleiman N Mammaev
- 2 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Dagestan State Medical University," Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Makhachkala, Russia
| | | | - Grigorij N Shuev
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Grishina
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhannet A Sozaeva
- 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education," Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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8
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CYP2C19 ⁎2 Polymorphism in Chilean Patients with In-Stent Restenosis Development and Controls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5783719. [PMID: 28785581 PMCID: PMC5530410 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5783719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug especially used in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Polymorphisms within CYP2C19 can result in important interindividual variations regarding therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the CYP2C19⁎2 variant (rs4244285) on in-stent restenosis occurrence in Chilean patients who underwent PCI and received clopidogrel. A total of 77 cases with stenosis >50% in the angioplasty site (62.75 ± 9.8 years, 80.5% males) and 86 controls (65.45 ± 9.8 years, 72.1% males) were studied. The polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan® Drug Metabolism Genotyping Assays. Overall, CYP2C19⁎2 allele frequency was 8.3%. Diabetes, chronic lesions, and bare metal stents (BMS) were observed more often in cases than in controls (p = 0.05, p = 0.04, and p = 0.02, resp.). Genotypic frequencies did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.15). Nonetheless, the mutated allele was observed in a greater proportion in patients without in-stent restenosis (p = 0.055). There was no significant association between the rs4244285 variant and the occurrence of in-stent restenosis after PCI (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.19 to 1.04; p = 0.06). In summary, no association was identified between the CYP2C19⁎2 variant and the development of coronary in-stent restenosis.
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Zhong WP, Wu H, Chen JY, Li XX, Lin HM, Zhang B, Zhang ZW, Ma DL, Sun S, Li HP, Mai LP, He GD, Wang XP, Lei HP, Zhou HK, Tang L, Liu SW, Zhong SL. Genomewide Association Study Identifies Novel Genetic Loci That Modify Antiplatelet Effects and Pharmacokinetics of Clopidogrel. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:791-802. [PMID: 27981573 PMCID: PMC5485718 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the pharmacokinetic (PK) mechanism are the main underlying factors affecting the antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. Using a genomewide association study (GWAS) to identify new genetic loci that modify antiplatelet effects in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease, we identified novel variants in two transporter genes (SLC14A2 rs12456693, ATP‐binding cassette [ABC]A1 rs2487032) and in N6AMT1 (rs2254638) associated with P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) and plasma active metabolite (H4) concentration. These new variants dramatically improved the predictability of PRU variability to 37.7%. The associations between these loci and PK parameters of clopidogrel and H4 were observed in additional patients, and its function on the activation of clopidogrel was validated in liver S9 fractions (P < 0.05). Rs2254638 was further identified to exert a marginal risk effect for major adverse cardiac events in an independent cohort. In conclusion, new genetic variants were systematically identified as risk factors for the reduced efficacy of clopidogrel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-P Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Wu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J-Y Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-X Li
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-M Lin
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-W Zhang
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - D-L Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-P Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - L-P Mai
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - G-D He
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-P Wang
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-P Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H-K Zhou
- Guangzhou Seq-Health Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Genedenovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S-W Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S-L Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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