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Aulner N, Danckaert A, Fernandes J, Nicola MA, Roux P, Salles A, Tinevez JY, Shorte SL. Fluorescence imaging host pathogen interactions: fifteen years benefit of hindsight…. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:193-198. [PMID: 29567588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We consider in review current state-of-the-art fluorescence microscopy for investigating the host-pathogen interface. Our perspective is honed from years with literally thousands of microbiologists using the variety of imaging technologies available within our dedicated BSL2/BSL3 optical imaging research service facilities at the Institut Pasteur Paris founded from scratch in 2001. During fifteen years learning from the success and failures of introducing different fluorescence imaging technologies, methods, and technical development strategies we provide here a synopsis review of our experience to date and a synthesis of how we see the future in perspective for fluorescence imaging at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Aulner
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Danckaert
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julien Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Nicola
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Roux
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Spencer L Shorte
- Institut Pasteur, Citech, Imagopole-UTechS-PBI Photonic BioImaging, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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2
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Buryakina TY, Su PT, Syu W, Chang CA, Fan HF, Kao FJ. Metabolism of HeLa cells revealed through autofluorescence lifetime upon infection with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:101503. [PMID: 23223979 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.10.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a sensitive technique in monitoring functional and conformational states of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD),main compounds participating in oxidative phosphorylation in cells. In this study, we have applied FLIM to characterize the metabolic changes in HeLa cells upon bacterial infection and made comparison with the results from the cells treated with staurosporine (STS), a well-known apoptosis inducer. The evolving of NADH's average autofluorescence lifetime during the 3 h after infection with enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) or STS treatment has been observed. The ratio of the short and the long lifetime components' relative contributions of NADH increases with time, a fact indicating cellular metabolic activity, such as a decrease of oxidative phosphorylation over the course of infection, while opposite dynamics is observed in FAD. Being associated with mitochondria, FAD lifetimes and redox ratio could indicate heterogeneous mitochondrial function, microenvironment with bacterial infection, and further pathway to cell death. The redox ratios for both EHEC-infected and STS-treated HeLa cells have been observed and these observations also indicate possible apoptosis induced by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Yu Buryakina
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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3
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Gomes-Santos CSS, Itoe MA, Afonso C, Henriques R, Gardner R, Sepúlveda N, Simões PD, Raquel H, Almeida AP, Moita LF, Frischknecht F, Mota MM. Highly dynamic host actin reorganization around developing Plasmodium inside hepatocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29408. [PMID: 22238609 PMCID: PMC3253080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and infect hepatocytes, where a single sporozoite replicates into thousands of merozoites inside a parasitophorous vacuole. The nature of the Plasmodium-host cell interface, as well as the interactions occurring between these two organisms, remains largely unknown. Here we show that highly dynamic hepatocyte actin reorganization events occur around developing Plasmodium berghei parasites inside human hepatoma cells. Actin reorganization is most prominent between 10 to 16 hours post infection and depends on the actin severing and capping protein, gelsolin. Live cell imaging studies also suggest that the hepatocyte cytoskeleton may contribute to parasite elimination during Plasmodium development in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina S. S. Gomes-Santos
- Malaria Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maurice A. Itoe
- Malaria Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Afonso
- Malaria Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Cell Biology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Gardner
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Center of Statistics and Applications, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro D. Simões
- Cell Biology of the Immune System Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Raquel
- Cell Biology of the Immune System Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Almeida
- Unidade de Entomologia Médica/UPMM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis F. Moita
- Cell Biology of the Immune System Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FF); (MMM)
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Malaria Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (FF); (MMM)
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Hayakawa EH, Furutani M, Matsuoka R, Takakuwa Y. Comparison of protein behavior between wild-type and G601S hERG in living cells by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:313-9. [PMID: 21573751 PMCID: PMC10717380 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) protein is a cardiac potassium channel. Mutations in hERG can result in reductions in membrane channel current, cardiac repolarization, prolongation of QT intervals, and lethal arrhythmia. In the last decade, it has been found that some mutants of hERG involved in long QT syndrome exhibit intracellular protein trafficking defects, while other mutants sort to the membrane but cannot form functional channels. Due to the close relationship between intracellular trafficking and functional protein expression, we aimed to measure differences in protein behavior/motion between wild-type and mutant hERG by directly analyzing the fluorescence fluctuations of green fluorescent protein-labeled proteins using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Our data imply that FCS can be applied as a new diagnostic tool to assess whether the defect in a particular mutant channel protein involves aberrant intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri H. Hayakawa
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (IREIIMS), Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
- Present Address: Laboratory of Medical Zoology and Parasitology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Michiko Furutani
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (IREIIMS), Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Rumiko Matsuoka
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (IREIIMS), Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Yuichi Takakuwa
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (IREIIMS), Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawata-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
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Melican K, Sandoval RM, Kader A, Josefsson L, Tanner GA, Molitoris BA, Richter-Dahlfors A. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli P and Type 1 fimbriae act in synergy in a living host to facilitate renal colonization leading to nephron obstruction. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001298. [PMID: 21383970 PMCID: PMC3044688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of a natural bacterial infection is a dynamic process influenced by the physiological characteristics of the target organ. Recent developments in live animal imaging allow for the study of the dynamic microbe-host interplay in real-time as the infection progresses within an organ of a live host. Here we used multiphoton microscopy-based live animal imaging, combined with advanced surgical procedures, to investigate the role of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) attachment organelles P and Type 1 fimbriae in renal bacterial infection. A GFP+ expressing variant of UPEC strain CFT073 and genetically well-defined isogenic mutants were microinfused into rat glomerulus or proximal tubules. Within 2 h bacteria colonized along the flat squamous epithelium of the Bowman's capsule despite being exposed to the primary filtrate. When facing the challenge of the filtrate flow in the proximal tubule, the P and Type 1 fimbriae appeared to act in synergy to promote colonization. P fimbriae enhanced early colonization of the tubular epithelium, while Type 1 fimbriae mediated colonization of the center of the tubule via a mechanism believed to involve inter-bacterial binding and biofilm formation. The heterogeneous bacterial community within the tubule subsequently affected renal filtration leading to total obstruction of the nephron within 8 h. Our results reveal the importance of physiological factors such as filtration in determining bacterial colonization patterns, and demonstrate that the spatial resolution of an infectious niche can be as small as the center, or periphery, of a tubule lumen. Furthermore, our data show how secondary physiological injuries such as obstruction contribute to the full pathophysiology of pyelonephritis. When bacteria such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infect a living kidney, they face numerous physiological challenges such as the flow of urine. Bacteria need to attach themselves to the epithelial linings of the kidney to withstand this flow. In this work we use a live animal imaging model to study how UPEC colonize a living kidney despite the physiological challenges they face. We show that P and Type 1 fimbriae, two of the most well described UPEC adhesion factors, work together to promote successful bacterial colonization. P fimbriae mediate binding between the bacteria and the epithelial cells lining the tubules, while Type 1 appears to play a role in inter-bacterial binding and biofilm formation in the center parts of the lumen. The heterogeneous bacterial community which filled the tubule was subsequently shown to effect nephron filtration and resulted in a total loss of filtrate flow i.e. obstruction. This work demonstrates the interplay between the bacterial and host aspects, indicating how factors such as filtration may affect bacterial adhesion and vice versa. It also highlights the multifactorial basis of kidney infection, demonstrating how physiological injuries such as obstruction may contribute towards the full pathophysiology of pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Melican
- Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruben M. Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Abdul Kader
- Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Josefsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George A. Tanner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Bobard A, Mellouk N, Enninga J. Spotting the right location- imaging approaches to resolve the intracellular localization of invasive pathogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1810:297-307. [PMID: 21029766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common strategy of microbial pathogens is to invade host cells during infection. The invading microbes explore different intracellular compartments to find their preferred niche. SCOPE OF REVIEW Imaging has been instrumental to unravel paradigms of pathogen entry, to identify their exact intracellular location, and to understand the underlying mechanisms for the formation of pathogen-containing niches. Here, we provide an overview of imaging techniques that have been applied to monitor the intracellular lifestyle of pathogens, focusing mainly on bacteria that either remain in vacuolar-bound compartments or rupture the endocytic vacuole to escape into the host's cellular cytoplasm. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We will depict common molecular and cellular paradigms that are preferentially exploited by pathogens. A combination of electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and time-lapse microscopy has been the driving force to reveal underlying cell biological processes. Furthermore, the development of highly sensitive and specific fluorescent sensor molecules has allowed for the identification of functional aspects of niche formation by intracellular pathogens. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Currently, we are beginning to understand the sophistication of the invasion strategies used by bacterial pathogens during the infection process- innovative imaging has been a key ingredient for this. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bobard
- Institut Pasteur, Groupe "Dynamique des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Paris, France
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7
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Abstract
Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, first invade and develop within hepatocytes before infecting red blood cells and causing symptomatic disease. Because of the low infection rates in vitro and in vivo, the liver stage of Plasmodium infection is not very amenable to biochemical assays, but the large size of the parasite at this stage in comparison with Plasmodium blood stages makes it accessible to microscopic analysis. A variety of imaging techniques has been used to this aim, ranging from electron microscopy to widefield epifluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy. High-speed live video microscopy of fluorescent parasites in particular has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium liver-stage development. This includes the fate of motile sporozoites inoculated by Anopheles mosquitoes as well as the transport of merozoites within merosomes from the liver tissue into the blood vessel. It is safe to predict that in the near future the application of the latest microscopy techniques in Plasmodium research will bring important insights and allow us spectacular views of parasites during their development in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Rankin
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Molecular Parasitology, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Kudryashev M, Lepper S, Stanway R, Bohn S, Baumeister W, Cyrklaff M, Frischknecht F. Positioning of large organelles by a membrane- associated cytoskeleton in Plasmodium sporozoites. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:362-71. [PMID: 19863555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular organelles are usually linked to the cytoskeleton, which often provides a scaffold for organelle function. In malaria parasites, no link between the cytoskeleton and the major organelles is known. Here we show that during fast, stop-and-go motion of Plasmodium sporozoites, all organelles stay largely fixed in respect to the moving parasite. Cryogenic electron tomography reveals that the nucleus, mitochondrion, apicoplast and the microtubules of Plasmodium sporozoites are linked to the parasite pellicle via long tethering proteins. These tethers originate from the inner membrane complex and are arranged in a periodic fashion following a 32 nm repeat. The tethers pass through a subpellicular structure that encompasses the entire parasite, probably as a network of membrane-associated filaments. While the spatial organization of the large parasite organelles appears dependent on their linkage to the cortex, the specialized secretory vesicles are mostly not linked to microtubules or other cellular structures that could provide support for movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kudryashev
- Department of Parasitology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Lang T, Lecoeur H, Prina E. Imaging Leishmania development in their host cells. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:464-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Enninga J, Rosenshine I. Imaging the assembly, structure and activity of type III secretion systems. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1462-70. [PMID: 19622097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Studying the events that occur when a pathogen comes into contact with its host is the basis of the field of infection biology. Over the years, work in this area has revealed many facets of the infection process, including attachment, invasion and colonization by the pathogen, and of the host responses, such as the triggering of the immune system. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as multiphoton microscopy (MPM), mean that the field is in the process of taking another big leap forward. MPM allows for cellular-level visualization of the real-time dynamics of infection within the living host. The use of live animal models means that all the interplaying factors of an infection, such as the influences of the immune, lymphatic and vascular systems, can be accounted for. This review outlines the developing field of MPM in pathogen-host interactions, highlighting a number of new insights that have been 'brought to light' using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Frischknecht F, Gunzer M, Shorte SL. Retrospective: Birth of the Cool - Imaging and microbiology from Ibn al-Haytham to Jean Comandon. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:787-90. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Meissner M, Klaus K. What new cell biology findings could bring to therapeutics: is it time for a phenome-project in Toxoplasma gondii? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:185-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Viruses are very small and most of them can be seen only by TEM (transmission electron microscopy). TEM has therefore made a major contribution to virology, including the discovery of many viruses, the diagnosis of various viral infections and fundamental investigations of virus-host cell interactions. However, TEM has gradually been replaced by more sensitive methods, such as the PCR. In research, new imaging techniques for fluorescence light microscopy have supplanted TEM, making it possible to study live cells and dynamic interactions between viruses and the cellular machinery. Nevertheless, TEM remains essential for certain aspects of virology. It is very useful for the initial identification of unknown viral agents in particular outbreaks, and is recommended by regulatory agencies for investigation of the viral safety of biological products and/or the cells used to produce them. In research, only TEM has a resolution sufficiently high for discrimination between aggregated viral proteins and structured viral particles. Recent examples of different viral assembly models illustrate the value of TEM for improving our understanding of virus-cell interactions.
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Biotech meetings. Biotechnol J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200890073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Renaud O, Viña J, Yu Y, Machu C, Trouvé A, Van der Voort H, Chalmond B, Shorte SL. High-resolution 3-D imaging of living cells in suspension using confocal axial tomography. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:53-62. [PMID: 18022857 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conventional flow cytometry (FC) methods report optical signals integrated from individual cells at throughput rates as high as thousands of cells per second. This is further combined with the powerful utility to subsequently sort and/or recover the cells of interest. However, these methods cannot extract spatial information. This limitation has prompted efforts by some commercial manufacturers to produce state-of-the-art commercial flow cytometry systems allowing fluorescence images to be recorded by an imaging detector. Nonetheless, there remains an immediate and growing need for technologies facilitating spatial analysis of fluorescent signals from cells maintained in flow suspension. Here, we report a novel methodological approach to this problem that combines micro-fluidic flow, and microelectrode dielectric-field control to manipulate, immobilize and image individual cells in suspension. The method also offers unique possibilities for imaging studies on cells in suspension. In particular, we report the system's immediate utility for confocal "axial tomography" using micro-rotation imaging and show that it greatly enhances 3-D optical resolution compared with conventional light reconstruction (deconvolution) image data treatment. That the method we present here is relatively rapid and lends itself to full automation suggests its eventual utility for 3-D imaging cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Renaud
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Dynamique, Imagopole, Paris, France
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17
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Enninga J, Sansonetti P, Tournebize R. Roundtrip explorations of bacterial infection: from single cells to the entire host and back. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:483-90. [PMID: 17983749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are highly regulated, dynamic processes that take place at the molecular, cellular and organ level. Innovative imaging technologies have emerged recently to investigate the underlying mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. Innovations in fluorescence microscopy enable functional studies on the single-cell level. New light microscopes have been developed that improve the resolution to less than 100 nm. At the other extreme, intravital microscopy enables the correlation of cellular events on the organ level. This is also achieved by alternatives to microscopy such as bioluminescence, positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The methodologies described here will have a tremendous effect on our understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Enninga
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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18
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Meissner M, Breinich MS, Gilson PR, Crabb BS. Molecular genetic tools in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium: achievements and future needs. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:349-56. [PMID: 17826309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent awarding of the Nobel prize to Andrew Fire and Craig Mello for the discovery of RNA-interference (RNAi) in plants once more demonstrated the importance of basic science in understanding biological mechanisms. Importantly, this discovery led to the establishment of powerful approaches to study gene function in a wide array of organisms. While a robust RNAi-technology remains elusive in apicomplexan parasites, other molecular genetic technologies have been introduced in recent years. Now, in the post genomic era, the task is to apply these methods to validate and functionally dissect an ever-expanding list of putative vaccine and drug candidates. The ultimate aim of such studies is to transform our knowledge of the genome to the knowledge of the phenome and ultimately new intervention strategies in these important pathogenic organisms. However, substantial limitations remain to the current repertoire of available molecular tools, which limits a comprehensive analysis of these candidates, especially of essential genes. This review summarises the methodologies available for functional gene analysis in apicomplexan parasites and discusses further needs in tool development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meissner
- Hygieneinstitut Heidelberg, Abteilung Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Frischknecht F, Amino R, Franke-Fayard B, Janse C, Waters A, Ménard R. Imaging Parasites in Vivo. IMAGING CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71331-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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New Technologies for Imaging and Analysis of Individual Microbial Cells. IMAGING CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71331-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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