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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Leiba J, Sipka T, Begon-Pescia C, Bernardello M, Tairi S, Bossi L, Gonzalez AA, Mialhe X, Gualda EJ, Loza-Alvarez P, Blanc-Potard A, Lutfalla G, Nguyen-Chi ME. Dynamics of macrophage polarization support Salmonella persistence in a whole living organism. eLife 2024; 13:e89828. [PMID: 38224094 PMCID: PMC10830131 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with macrophage function, including macrophage polarization, to establish a niche and persist. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of macrophage polarization during infection within host remain to be investigated. Here, we implement a model of persistent Salmonella Typhimurium infection in zebrafish, which allows visualization of polarized macrophages and bacteria in real time at high resolution. While macrophages polarize toward M1-like phenotype to control early infection, during later stages, Salmonella persists inside non-inflammatory clustered macrophages. Transcriptomic profiling of macrophages showed a highly dynamic signature during infection characterized by a switch from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory/pro-regenerative status and revealed a shift in adhesion program. In agreement with this specific adhesion signature, macrophage trajectory tracking identifies motionless macrophages as a permissive niche for persistent Salmonella. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish model provides a unique platform to explore, in a whole organism, the versatile nature of macrophage functional programs during bacterial acute and persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Leiba
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Tamara Sipka
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Matteo Bernardello
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sofiane Tairi
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Lionello Bossi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell-I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Xavier Mialhe
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Emilio J Gualda
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
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3
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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4
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Liu RH, Sun AQ, Liao Y, Tang ZX, Zhang SH, Shan X, Hu JT. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Regulated Intestinal Microbial Community and Cytokines to Inhibit Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1355-1370. [PMID: 36074298 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are recognized as food-grade safe microorganisms and have many beneficial effects. LAB could maintain the host intestinal homeostasis and regulate intestinal microbial community to exert antibacterial effects. In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum, Lp01) strain isolated from pig intestine was orally administered to C57BL/6 mice, and mice were then infected with Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028). The protective effects of L. plantarum were evaluated by monitoring body weight loss, survival rates, bacterial loads in tissue, colon histopathology analysis, and cytokine secretion. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was also utilized to detect the dynamics of the blind gut microbial community in mice. We found that L. plantarum could significantly reduce the body weight loss and improve the survival rates. The survival rate in the L. P-Sty group was up to 67.5%, which was much higher than that in the STY group (25%). Counting of bacterial loads displayed that the colony-forming unit (CFU) of S. typhimurium in the spleen (p < 0.05) and the liver (p < 0.05) from L. P-Sty group both decreased, compared with STY group. Intestinal histopathology showed that it alleviated the intestinal injury caused by Salmonella, inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promoted anti-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0. 01). In addition, L. plantarum also significantly ameliorated the intestinal gut microbiome disturbance caused by Salmonella. It displayed an obvious increase of beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes and reduction of pathogenic bacteria like Proteobacteria. In conclusion, L. plantarum could regulate microbial community to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Han Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - An-Qi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-Xu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Han Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Tao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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5
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Konyali D, Guzel M, Soyer Y. Genomic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Resistant to Cephalosporin, Quinolones, And Macrolides. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:344. [PMID: 37725171 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Salmonella), one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infections, causes salmonellosis, which is usually self-limiting. However, immunocompromised individuals and children often require antimicrobial therapy. The first line of treatment includes fluoroquinolones, to which Salmonella has emerging resistance worldwide. In fact, the WHO classified fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella as a high-priority pathogen. Salmonella carrying genes such as blaCTX and blaCMY can show resistance to cephalosporins which are also regularly used for treatment. This study focused on determining the antimicrobial resistance of 373 Salmonella isolates, collected from various foods, humans, and animals, as well as the environmental sludge between 2005 and 2020 in Türkiye. Phenotypic analysis of the resistance was determined by disk diffusion method. Isolates resistant to any of the following: ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone were tested for the presence of quinolone, beta-lactamase, and/or macrolide resistance genes by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Five multi-drug-resistant isolates were then further whole genome sequenced and analyzed. More than 32% (n = 120) of the isolates showed resistance to fluoroquinolones by disc diffusion. A significant number of quinolone-resistant isolates are presented with mutated parC and gyrA. Furthermore, 42% (n = 106) of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin and 10% of them harbored mphA gene. On the bright side, only eight isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone. Overall, we observed an increase in the number of isolates showing resistance to fluoroquinolones and azithromycin over the years and low resistance to ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala Konyali
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye
| | - Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
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Chen GY, Thorup NR, Miller AJ, Li YC, Ayres JS. Cooperation between physiological defenses and immune resistance produces asymptomatic carriage of a lethal bacterial pathogen. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8719. [PMID: 37352357 PMCID: PMC10289649 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Animals evolved two defense strategies to survive infections. Antagonistic strategies include immune resistance mechanisms that operate to kill invading pathogens. Cooperative or physiological defenses mediate host adaptation to the infected state, limiting physiological damage and disease, without killing the pathogen, and have been shown to cause asymptomatic carriage and transmission of lethal pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that physiological defenses cooperate with the adaptive immune response to generate long-term asymptomatic carriage of the lethal enteric murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Asymptomatic carriage of genetically virulent C. rodentium provided immune resistance against subsequent infections. Immune protection was dependent on systemic antibody responses and pathogen virulence behavior rather than the recognition of specific virulent antigens. Last, we demonstrate that an avirulent strain of C. rodentium in the field has background mutations in genes that are important for LPS structure. Our work reveals insight into how asymptomatic infections can arise mechanistically with immune resistance, mediating exclusion of phenotypically virulent enteric pathogen to promote asymptomatic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grischa Y. Chen
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia R. Thorup
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abigail J. Miller
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yao-Cheng Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S. Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Ehrhardt K, Becker AL, Grassl GA. Determinants of persistent Salmonella infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102306. [PMID: 36989589 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent bacterial infections constitute an enormous challenge for public health. Amongst infections with other bacteria, infections with typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovars can result in long-term infections of the human and animal host. Persistent infections that are asymptomatic are difficult to identify and thus can serve as a silent reservoir for transmission. Symptomatic persistent infections are often difficult to treat as they harbor a combination of antibiotic-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and boost the spread of genetic antibiotic resistance. In the last couple of years, the field has made some major progress in understanding the role of persisters, their reservoirs as well as their interplay with host factors in persistent Salmonella infections.
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8
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Chen GY, Thorup NR, Miller AJ, Li YC, Ayres JS. Cooperation between physiological defenses and immune resistance produces asymptomatic carriage of a lethal bacterial pathogen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.22.525099. [PMID: 36711884 PMCID: PMC9882269 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.22.525099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Animals have evolved two defense strategies to survive infections. Antagonistic strategies include mechanisms of immune resistance that operate to sense and kill invading pathogens. Cooperative or physiological defenses mediate host adaptation to the infected state, limiting physiological damage and disease, without killing the pathogen, and have been shown to cause asymptomatic carriage and transmission of lethal pathogens. Here we demonstrate that physiological defenses cooperate with the adaptive immune response to generate long-term asymptomatic carriage of the lethal enteric murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Asymptomatic carriage of genetically virulent C. rodentium provided immune resistance against subsequent infections. Host immune protection was dependent on systemic antibody responses and pathogen virulence behavior, rather than the recognition of specific virulent factor antigens. Finally, we demonstrate that an avirulent strain of C. rodentium in the field has background mutations in two genes that are important for LPS structure. Our work reveals novel insight into how asymptomatic infections can arise mechanistically with immune resistance, mediating exclusion of phenotypically virulent enteric pathogen to promote asymptomatic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grischa Y. Chen
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Natalia R. Thorup
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Abigail J. Miller
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yao-Cheng Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Janelle S. Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Duan B, Liu R, Shi Y, Sun A, Tang Z, Wang C, Hu J. Lactobacillus plantarum synergistically regulates M1 macrophage polarization in resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933550. [PMID: 36325023 PMCID: PMC9620862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization affects the progression of pathogenic bacterial infections. Lactobacillus is widely used to interact with macrophages and to exert specific immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we investigated the regulation of macrophage polarization against Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STM) by Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 (LP), to explore prevention and treatment strategies for salmonellosis. We assessed the in vitro differential polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by LP against STM, by measuring protein and cytokine levels, and bactericidal activity. In addition, we assessed the protective effects of LP against STM by evaluating weight loss, survival, the burden of STM in tissues, the polarization of macrophages in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), intestinal histopathology, and cytokine production. LP slightly affected the polarization of RAW 264.7, a slight M1-skewing. LP promoted the RAW 264.7 bactericidal activity against STM. In BMMs, M1 polarization induced by LP was significantly lower than the M1-positive phenotype. The combination of LP with M1 synergistically improved M1 polarization and bactericidal activity against STM compared to the individual effects. LP promoted the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Supplementation with the NF-κB inhibitor decreased M1 polarization induced by LP. We observed the protective effect of LP against STM in C57BL/6 mice, through a decrease in weight loss, mortality, STM burden in the liver, and promotion of macrophage M1 and M2 polarization in the spleen and MLNs; though M1 was higher, it did not cause inflammatory damage. In summary, LP can synergistically promote M1 polarization in combination with the M1 phenotype through the NF-κB signaling pathway and increases resistance against S. Typhimurium infection. These findings will lay the foundation for the prevention and treatment of S. Typhimurium infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruihan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Anqi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengxu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- Chunfeng Wang
| | - Jingtao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Health Breeding, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jingtao Hu
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10
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Wiradiputra MRD, Khuntayaporn P, Thirapanmethee K, Chomnawang MT. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: A Key Role on Persister Formation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5813-5829. [PMID: 36213766 PMCID: PMC9541301 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s378157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin and antitoxin modules in bacteria consist of a toxin molecule that has activity to inhibit various cellular processes and its cognate antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin. This system is considered taking part in the formation of persister cells, which are a subpopulation of recalcitrant cells able to survive antimicrobial treatment without any resistance mechanisms. Importantly, persisters have been associated with long-term infections and treatment failures in healthcare settings. It is a public health concern since persisters can be involved in the evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance amidst the aggravating spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and insufficient novel antimicrobial therapy to tackle this issue. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes in the world and is a leading cause of food-borne salmonellosis. S. Typhimurium has been known to cause persistent infection and a wealth of investigations on Salmonella persisters indicates that toxin and antitoxin modules play a role in mediating the phenotypic switch of persisters, rendering its survival ability in the presence of antimicrobial agents. In this review, we discuss findings regarding mechanisms that underly persistence in S. Typhimurium, especially the involvement of toxin and antitoxin modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Rai Dwitya Wiradiputra
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Biopharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyatip Khuntayaporn
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krit Thirapanmethee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mullika Traidej Chomnawang
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group (AmRIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Correspondence: Mullika Traidej Chomnawang, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand, Tel +66 2 644 8692, Email
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11
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Russotto Y, Micali C, Pellicanò GF, Nunnari G, Venanzi Rullo E. HIV and Mediterranean Zoonoses: A Review of the Literature. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:694-709. [PMID: 36136825 PMCID: PMC9498920 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Some zoonoses are very common in the Mediterranean area and endemic in specific regions, so they represent an important problem for public health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that has originated as a zoonosis and is now diffused globally, with the most significant numbers of infected people among the infectious diseases. Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the history for people living with HIV (PLWH) has changed drastically, and many diseases are now no different in epidemiology and prognosis as they are in not-HIV-infected people. Still, the underlying inflammatory state that is correlated with HIV and other alterations related to the infection itself can be a risk factor when infected with other bacteria, parasites or viruses. We reviewed the literature for infection by the most common Mediterranean zoonoses, such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Brucella, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Listeria and Echinococcus, and a possible correlation with HIV. We included Monkeypox, since the outbreak of cases is becoming a concern lately. We found that HIV may be related with alterations of the microbiome, as for campylobacteriosis, and that there are some zoonoses with a significant prevalence in PLWH, as for salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-0221-2032
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
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12
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Aogo RA, Tanaka MM, Penington CJ. Spatial dynamics of inflammation-causing and commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. J Theor Biol 2022; 548:111194. [PMID: 35738328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new research programmes have been initiated to understand the role of gut bacteria in health and disease, enabled in large part by the emergence of high-throughput sequencing. As new genomic and other data emerge it will become important to explain observations in terms of underlying population mechanisms; for instance, it is of interest to understand how resident bacteria interact with their hosts and pathogens, and how they play a protective role. Connecting underlying processes with observed patterns is aided by the development of mathematical models. Here, we develop a spatial model of microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract to explore conditions under which inflammation-causing bacteria can invade the gut and under which such pathogens become persistent. We find that pathogens invade both small and large intestine from even a relatively small inoculum size but are usually eliminated by the host response. When the immune response is weak, the pathogen is able to persist for a long period. Spatial structure affects these dynamics by creating moving refugia which facilitate bouts of pathogen resurgence and inflammation in persistent infections. Space also plays a role in repopulation by commensals after infection. We further find that the rate of decay of inflammation has a stronger effect on outcomes than the initiation of inflammation or other parameters. Finally, we explore the impact of partially inflammation-resistant commensals on these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Aogo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark M Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine J Penington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Tanui CK, Benefo EO, Karanth S, Pradhan AK. A Machine Learning Model for Food Source Attribution of Listeria monocytogenes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060691. [PMID: 35745545 PMCID: PMC9230378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its low morbidity, listeriosis has a high mortality rate due to the severity of its clinical manifestations. The source of human listeriosis is often unclear. In this study, we investigate the ability of machine learning to predict the food source from which clinical Listeria monocytogenes isolates originated. Four machine learning classification algorithms were trained on core genome multilocus sequence typing data of 1212 L. monocytogenes isolates from various food sources. The average accuracies of random forest, support vector machine radial kernel, stochastic gradient boosting, and logit boost were found to be 0.72, 0.61, 0.7, and 0.73, respectively. Logit boost showed the best performance and was used in model testing on 154 L. monocytogenes clinical isolates. The model attributed 17.5 % of human clinical cases to dairy, 32.5% to fruits, 14.3% to leafy greens, 9.7% to meat, 4.6% to poultry, and 18.8% to vegetables. The final model also provided us with genetic features that were predictive of specific sources. Thus, this combination of genomic data and machine learning-based models can greatly enhance our ability to track L. monocytogenes from different food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins K. Tanui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.K.T.); (E.O.B.); (S.K.)
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edmund O. Benefo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.K.T.); (E.O.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Shraddha Karanth
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.K.T.); (E.O.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Abani K. Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.K.T.); (E.O.B.); (S.K.)
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Rana S, Maurya S, Mohapatra G, Singh S, Babar R, Chandrasekhar H, Chamoli G, Rathore D, Kshetrapal P, Srikanth CV. Activation of epigenetic regulator KDM6B by Salmonella Typhimurium enables chronic infections. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1986665. [PMID: 34696686 PMCID: PMC8555538 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1986665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections result in self limiting gastroenteritis except in rare cases wherein manifestations of chronic infections can occur. Strategies employed by Salmonella to thrive in hostile environments of host during chronic infections are complex and multifaceted. In chronic state, a coordinated action of bacterial effectors allows reprogramming of macrophages to M2 subtype and thereby creating a permissible replicative niche. The mechanistic details of these processes are not fully known. In the current study we identified, histone H3-lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3)-specific demethylase, KDM6B to be upregulated in both cell culture and in murine model of Salmonella infection. KDM6B recruitment upon infection exhibited an associated loss of overall H3K27me3 in host cells and was Salmonella SPI1 effectors coordinated. ChIP-qRT-PCR array analysis revealed several new gene promoter targets of KDM6B demethylase activity including PPARδ, a crucial regulator of fatty acid oxidation pathway and Salmonella-persistent infections. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of KDM6B demethylase activity with GSKJ4 in chronic Salmonella infection mice model led to a significant reduction in pathogen load and M2 macrophage polarization in peripheral lymphoid organs. The following work thus reveals Salmonella effector-mediated epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages responsible for its long-term survival and chronic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonalika Maurya
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rohan Babar
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Hridya Chandrasekhar
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Garima Chamoli
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Rathore
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - C. V. Srikanth
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India,CONTACT C. V. Srikanth Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
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15
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Peptidoglycan editing in non-proliferating intracellular Salmonella as source of interference with immune signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010241. [PMID: 35077524 PMCID: PMC8815878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes intracellular infections that can be limited to the intestine or spread to deeper tissues. In most cases, intracellular bacteria show moderate growth. How these bacteria face host defenses that recognize peptidoglycan, is poorly understood. Here, we report a high-resolution structural analysis of the minute amounts of peptidoglycan purified from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infecting fibroblasts, a cell type in which this pathogen undergoes moderate growth and persists for days intracellularly. The peptidoglycan of these non-proliferating bacteria contains atypical crosslinked muropeptides with stem peptides trimmed at the L-alanine-D-glutamic acid-(γ) or D-glutamic acid-(γ)-meso-diaminopimelic acid motifs, both sensed by intracellular immune receptors. This peptidoglycan has a reduced glycan chain average length and ~30% increase in the L,D-crosslink, a type of bridge shared by all the atypical crosslinked muropeptides identified. The L,D-transpeptidases LdtD (YcbB) and LdtE (YnhG) are responsible for the formation of these L,D-bridges in the peptidoglycan of intracellular bacteria. We also identified in a fraction of muropeptides an unprecedented modification in the peptidoglycan of intracellular S. Typhimurium consisting of the amino alcohol alaninol replacing the terminal (fourth) D-alanine. Alaninol was still detectable in the peptidoglycan of a double mutant lacking LdtD and LdtE, thereby ruling out the contribution of these enzymes to this chemical modification. Remarkably, all multiple mutants tested lacking candidate enzymes that either trim stem peptides or form the L,D-bridges retain the capacity to modify the terminal D-alanine to alaninol and all attenuate NF-κB nuclear translocation. These data inferred a potential role of alaninol-containing muropeptides in attenuating pro-inflammatory signaling, which was confirmed with a synthetic tetrapeptide bearing such amino alcohol. We suggest that the modification of D-alanine to alaninol in the peptidoglycan of non-proliferating intracellular S. Typhimurium is an editing process exploited by this pathogen to evade immune recognition inside host cells. The peptidoglycan, built as a giant polymer of glycan chains crosslinked with short peptides, is essential for cell shape and survival in most bacteria. Its unique chemistry is recognized by innate immune receptors, thereby enabling neutralization of invading microbes. A striking feature of the peptidoglycan is its constant remodeling by a plethora of endogenous enzymes. In addition, some bacterial pathogens introduce structural modifications that interfere with immune recognition. These modifications have been characterized in pathogens mostly in laboratory nutrient media. Whether facultative intracellular pathogens modify peptidoglycan structure inside host cells, was unknown. The work presented here shows that non-proliferating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels the peptidoglycan structure in response to intracellular cues and that some of these modifications involve unprecedented changes as the presence of an amino alcohol that hampers activation of the master immune regulator NF-κB. Peptidoglycan editing might therefore empower persistence of bacterial pathogens in the intracellular niche.
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16
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Tanui CK, Karanth S, Njage PM, Meng J, Pradhan AK. Machine learning-based predictive modeling to identify genotypic traits associated with Salmonella enterica disease endpoints in isolates from ground chicken. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Black Z, Balta I, Black L, Naughton PJ, Dooley JSG, Corcionivoschi N. The Fate of Foodborne Pathogens in Manure Treated Soil. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781357. [PMID: 34956145 PMCID: PMC8702830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an update on the complex relationship between manure application, altered pathogen levels and antibiotic resistance. This is necessary to protect health and improve the sustainability of this major farming practice in agricultural systems based on high levels of manure production. It is important to consider soil health in relation to environment and land management practices in the context of the soil microflora and the introduction of pathogens on the health of the soil microbiome. Viable pathogens in manure spread on agricultural land may be distributed by leaching, surface run-off, water source contamination and contaminated crop removal. Thus it is important to understand how multiple pathogens can persist in manures and on soil at farm-scale and how crops produced under these conditions could be a potential transfer route for zoonotic pathogens. The management of pathogen load within livestock manure is a potential mechanism for the reduction and prevention of outbreaks infection with Escherichia coli, Listeria Salmonella, and Campylobacter. The ability of Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella to combat environmental stress coupled with their survival on food crops and vegetables post-harvest emphasizes the need for further study of these pathogens along with the emerging pathogen Providencia given its link to disease in the immunocompromised and its’ high levels of antibiotic resistance. The management of pathogen load within livestock manure has been widely recognized as a potential mechanism for the reduction and prevention of outbreaks infection but any studies undertaken should be considered as region specific due to the variable nature of the factors influencing pathogen content and survival in manures and soil. Mediocre soils that require nutrients could be one template for research on manure inputs and their influence on soil health and on pathogen survival on grassland and in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Black
- Grassland and Plant Sciences Branch, AFBI Crossnacreevy, Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Igori Balta
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lisa Black
- Grassland and Plant Sciences Branch, AFBI Crossnacreevy, Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Naughton
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - James S G Dooley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
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18
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Srinivasan M, Sindhu KN, Giri S, Kumar N, Mohan VR, Grassly NC, Kang G. Salmonella Typhi Shedding and Household Transmission by Children With Blood Culture-Confirmed Typhoid Fever in Vellore, South India. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S593-S600. [PMID: 35238362 PMCID: PMC8892528 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children suffer the highest burden of the typhoid fever, with a considerable proportion shedding Salmonella Typhi in stool, potentially resulting in transmission of S Typhi. METHODS We enrolled 70 children with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever (index cases), from 63 households, during community-based fever surveillance in India. The index cases and their household contacts were followed up with stool samples at multiple time points over 3 weeks and 1 week, respectively. S Typhi was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Fifteen of 70 (21.4%) children with culture-confirmed typhoid fever shed S Typhi in stool after onset of fever. Ten of 15 children shed S Typhi for a median of 11.5 (range, 3-61) days from the day of completion of antibiotics. Of 172 household contacts from 56 of the 63 index case households, 12 (7%) contacts in 11 (19.6%) households had S Typhi in stool. Five of the 12 contacts who were shedding S Typhi were asymptomatic, whereas 7 reported recent fever. CONCLUSIONS One in 5 children with typhoid fever shed S Typhi, with shedding persisting even after antibiotics. One in 5 households had at least 1 contact of the child shedding S Typhi, highlighting potential concurrent typhoid infections in households in settings with poor water and sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Srinivasan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore,India
| | | | - Sidhartha Giri
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore,India,Indian Council of Medical Research – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,India
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore,India
| | | | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London,United Kingdom
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore,India,Correspondence: Gagandeep Kang, FRS, The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632004, India. ()
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19
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Ahn C, Yang YA, Neupane DP, Nguyen T, Richards AF, Sim JH, Mantis NJ, Song J. Mechanisms of typhoid toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting glycan receptor binding and nuclease subunits. iScience 2021; 24:102454. [PMID: 34113815 PMCID: PMC8169802 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, are antibiotic resistant. All S. Typhi isolates secrete an A2B5 exotoxin called typhoid toxin to benefit the pathogen during infection. Here, we demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi secretes typhoid toxin continuously during infection regardless of antibiotic treatment. We characterize typhoid toxin antibodies targeting glycan-receptor-binding PltB or nuclease CdtB, which neutralize typhoid toxin in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by using typhoid toxin secreted by antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi during human cell infection and lethal dose typhoid toxin challenge to mice. TyTx11 generated in this study neutralizes typhoid toxin effectively, comparable to TyTx4 that binds to all PltB subunits available per holotoxin. Cryoelectron microscopy explains that the binding of TyTx11 to CdtB makes this subunit inactive through CdtB catalytic-site conformational change. The identified toxin-neutralizing epitopes are conserved across all S. Typhi clinical isolates, offering critical insights into typhoid toxin-neutralizing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Durga P. Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tri Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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20
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Xue Y, Li Q, Park CG, Klena JD, Anisimov AP, Sun Z, Wei X, Chen T. Proteus mirabilis Targets Atherosclerosis Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries via DC-SIGN (CD209). Front Immunol 2021; 11:579010. [PMID: 33488579 PMCID: PMC7820866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNAs are constantly detected in atherosclerotic plaques (APs), suggesting that a combination of chronic infection and inflammation may have roles in AP formation. A series of studies suggested that certain Gram-negative bacteria were able to interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin [DC-SIGN; cluster of differentiation (CD) 209] or langerin (CD207), thereby resulting in deposition of CD209s at infection sites. We wondered if Proteus mirabilis (a member of Proteobacteria family) could interact with APs through CD209/CD207. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD209/CD207 were also receptors for P. mirabilis that mediated adherence and phagocytosis by macrophages. P. mirabilis interacted with fresh and CD209s/CD207-expressing APs cut from human coronary arteries, rather than in healthy and smooth arteries. These interactions were inhibited by addition of a ligand-mimic oligosaccharide and the coverage of the ligand, as well as by anti-CD209 antibody. Finally, the hearts from an atherosclerotic mouse model contained higher numbers of P. mirabilis than that of control mice during infection-challenging. We therefore concluded that the P. mirabilis interacts with APs in human coronary arteries via CD209s/CD207. It may be possible to slow down the progress of atherosclerosis by blocking the interactions between CD209s/CD207 and certain atherosclerosis-involved bacteria with ligand-mimic oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John D Klena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrey P Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Xia Y, Li H, Shen Y. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Salmonella enteritidis Isolated From Edible Snakes With Pneumonia and Its Pathogenicity in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:463. [PMID: 32851038 PMCID: PMC7417342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing consumption of snakes in China has led to a boom in edible snakes farming. Food producing reptiles, such as snakes can carry many pathogenic microbes and potentially infect humans. Here, we report the occurrence of multi drug resistant Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from edible snakes in China. Our results showed that the isolated S. enteritidis was resistant to the majority of the tested drugs and sensitive to tetracycline and amikacin. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the strains carried the blaTEM, qnrD, aadA1, catA1 o, sul I, and sul II genes. The pathogenicity testing of the S. enteritidis isolated strains showed that these strains were highly pathogenic (75% mortality, with LD50 at 107.7 CFU/mL). The chickens in the high-dose groups developed acute septicemia and died within 24 h. Results of the dissection showed extensive abdominal bleeding and swelling in the high dose groups, as well as hyperemia edema in the livers, lungs, kidneys, cecum, and bursa of the chickens, with spotty bleeding. In addition, rod-shaped bacterial aggregation was also seen in the visual field. A total of 23 virulence genes, mainly associated with pathogenicity island were tested, of which 8 genes including avrA, iacP, prgK, ssrA, siiD (spi4D), siiE, spi4H, and pipC were found positive. Altogether, our results provide useful information regarding edible snakes contaminated with S. enteritidis, which may have public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoqin Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Sokaribo AS, Hansen EG, McCarthy M, Desin TS, Waldner LL, MacKenzie KD, Mutwiri G, Herman NJ, Herman DJ, Wang Y, White AP. Metabolic Activation of CsgD in the Regulation of Salmonella Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E964. [PMID: 32604994 PMCID: PMC7409106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human food-borne pathogens, gastroenteritis-causing Salmonella strains have the most real-world impact. Like all pathogens, their success relies on efficient transmission. Biofilm formation, a specialized physiology characterized by multicellular aggregation and persistence, is proposed to play an important role in the Salmonella transmission cycle. In this manuscript, we used luciferase reporters to examine the expression of csgD, which encodes the master biofilm regulator. We observed that the CsgD-regulated biofilm system responds differently to regulatory inputs once it is activated. Notably, the CsgD system became unresponsive to repression by Cpx and H-NS in high osmolarity conditions and less responsive to the addition of amino acids. Temperature-mediated regulation of csgD on agar was altered by intracellular levels of RpoS and cyclic-di-GMP. In contrast, the addition of glucose repressed CsgD biofilms seemingly independent of other signals. Understanding the fine-tuned regulation of csgD can help us to piece together how regulation occurs in natural environments, knowing that all Salmonella strains face strong selection pressures both within and outside their hosts. Ultimately, we can use this information to better control Salmonella and develop strategies to break the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Madeline McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Taseen S. Desin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
- Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Landon L. Waldner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Nancy J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
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O'Reilly PJ, Pant D, Shakya M, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:367-382. [PMID: 32238006 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1750375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever continues to have a substantial impact on human health, especially in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Access to safe water, and adequate sanitation and hygiene remain the cornerstone of prevention, but these are not widely available in many impoverished settings. The emergence of antibiotic resistance affects typhoid treatment and adds urgency to typhoid control efforts. Vaccines provide opportunities to prevent and control typhoid fever in endemic settings. AREAS COVERED Literature search was performed looking for evidence concerning the global burden of typhoid and strategies for the prevention and treatment of typhoid fever. Cost of illness, available typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines and cost-effectiveness were also reviewed. The objective was to provide a critical overview of typhoid fever, in order to assess the current understanding and potential future directions for typhoid treatment and control. EXPERT COMMENTARY Our understanding of typhoid burden and methods of prevention has grown over recent years. However, typhoid fever still has a significant impact on health in low and middle-income countries. Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines to the immunization schedule is expected to make a major contribution to control of typhoid fever in endemic countries, although vaccination alone is unlikely to eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
| | - Dikshya Pant
- Department of Paediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences , Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford, UK
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Localized Hypermutation is the Major Driver of Meningococcal Genetic Variability during Persistent Asymptomatic Carriage. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03068-19. [PMID: 32209693 PMCID: PMC7157529 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03068-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Host persistence of bacteria is facilitated by mutational and recombinatorial processes that counteract loss of genetic variation during transmission and selection from evolving host responses. Genetic variation was investigated during persistent asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis Interrogation of whole-genome sequences for paired isolates from 25 carriers showed that de novo mutations were infrequent, while horizontal gene transfer occurred in 16% of carriers. Examination of multiple isolates per time point enabled separation of sporadic and transient allelic variation from directional variation. A comprehensive comparative analysis of directional allelic variation with hypermutation of simple sequence repeats and hyperrecombination of class 1 type IV pilus genes detected an average of seven events per carrier and 2:1 bias for changes due to localized hypermutation. Directional genetic variation was focused on the outer membrane with 69% of events occurring in genes encoding enzymatic modifiers of surface structures or outer membrane proteins. Multiple carriers exhibited directional and opposed switching of allelic variants of the surface-located Opa proteins that enables continuous expression of these adhesins alongside antigenic variation. A trend for switching from PilC1 to PilC2 expression was detected, indicating selection for specific alterations in the activities of the type IV pilus, whereas phase variation of restriction modification (RM) systems, as well as associated phasevarions, was infrequent. We conclude that asymptomatic meningococcal carriage on mucosal surfaces is facilitated by frequent localized hypermutation and horizontal gene transfer affecting genes encoding surface modifiers such that optimization of adhesive functions occurs alongside escape of immune responses by antigenic variation.IMPORTANCE Many bacterial pathogens coexist with host organisms, rarely causing disease while adapting to host responses. Neisseria meningitidis, a major cause of meningitis and septicemia, is a frequent persistent colonizer of asymptomatic teenagers/young adults. To assess how genetic variation contributes to host persistence, whole-genome sequencing and hypermutable sequence analyses were performed on multiple isolates obtained from students naturally colonized with meningococci. High frequencies of gene transfer were observed, occurring in 16% of carriers and affecting 51% of all nonhypermutable variable genes. Comparative analyses showed that hypermutable sequences were the major mechanism of variation, causing 2-fold more changes in gene function than other mechanisms. Genetic variation was focused on genes affecting the outer membrane, with directional changes in proteins responsible for bacterial adhesion to host surfaces. This comprehensive examination of genetic plasticity in individual hosts provides a significant new platform for rationale design of approaches to prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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Detweiler CS. Infection-based chemical screens uncover host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 54:43-50. [PMID: 32036306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must resist host innate immunity to cause disease. While Gram-negative bacteria have a protective outer membrane, this membrane is subject to host-induced damage that makes these pathogens vulnerable. We developed a high content screening platform that identifies compounds that cause the killing of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica in macrophages. This platform enables the rapid discovery of compounds that work in concert with the macrophage to prevent pathogen survival, as most hit compounds are not active in standard microbiological media and are not pro-drugs. We describe within the platform and the compounds it has found, and consider how they may help us discover new ways to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrella S Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Pathogenicity island excision during an infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is required for crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier in mice to cause systemic infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008152. [PMID: 31800631 PMCID: PMC6968874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity island excision is a phenomenon that occurs in several Salmonella enterica serovars and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. ROD21 is an excisable pathogenicity island found in the chromosome of S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin and S. Typhi among others, which contain several genes encoding virulence-associated proteins. Excision of ROD21 may play a role in the ability of S. Enteritidis to cause a systemic infection in mice. Our previous studies have shown that Salmonella strains unable to excise ROD21 display a reduced ability to colonize the liver and spleen. In this work, we determined the kinetics of ROD21 excision in vivo in C57BL/6 mice and its effect on virulence. We quantified bacterial burden and excision frequency in different portions of the digestive tract and internal organs throughout the infection. We observed that the frequency of ROD21 excision was significantly increased in the bacterial population colonizing mesenteric lymph nodes at early stages of the infective cycle, before 48 hours post-infection. In contrast, excision frequency remained very low in the liver and spleen at these stages. Interestingly, excision increased drastically after 48 h post infection, when intestinal re-infection and mortality begun. Moreover, we observed that the inability to excise ROD21 had a negative effect on S. Enteritidis capacity to translocate from the intestine to deeper organs, which correlates with an abnormal transcription of invA in the S. Enteritidis strain unable to excise ROD21. These results suggest that excision of ROD21 is a genetic mechanism required by S. Enteritidis to produce a successful invasion of the intestinal epithelium, a step required to generate systemic infection in mice. Salmonella is a bacterial genus that causes foodborne illnesses worldwide. The ability of Salmonella to cause disease is related to the presence of Pathogenicity Islands (PAIs), which are clusters of genes within the bacterial chromosome that are involved in virulence. Interestingly, some PAIs excise and re-integrate into the bacterial chromosome, which is a process probably involved in the capacity of Salmonella to cause infection in their hosts. Here we show that the excision of Region of Difference 21 (ROD21), one of the excisable PAIs within the genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, occurs with high frequency in the mesenteric lymph node at early stages of infection, suggesting that excision is required by S. Enteritidis to reach this organ from the intestinal tract. Accordingly, S. Enteritidis strains unable to excise ROD21 are unable to invade intestinal host cells, delaying the infective cycle and showing attenuated virulence. We propose that ROD21 excision in vivo is required by S. Enteritidis to cross the intestinal barrier, a fundamental step to further colonize deep organs, due to modulation of virulence genes transcription. Thus, ROD21 excision may play an important role in the capacity of the bacteria to cause a successful systemic infection in the mouse. Our data suggest that the excision of PAIs is a mechanism used by Salmonella and probably other Gram-negative enterobacteria to modulate the expression of virulence genes and may provide insights to design novel therapies to control the infection caused by these pathogens.
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Ye C, Li Q, Li X, Park CG, He Y, Zhang Y, Wu B, Xue Y, Yang K, Lv Y, Ying XL, Ding HH, Cai H, Alkraiem AA, Njiri O, Tembo J, Huang HP, Li AY, Gong J, Qin J, Cheng B, Wei X, Sun Z, Zhang SS, Zhang P, Zheng GX, Li W, Kan B, Yan M, Xiding X, Huo X, Zeng Y, Peng H, Fu Y, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Jiang LY, Chen T. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Interacts with CD209 Receptors To Promote Host Dissemination and Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00100-19. [PMID: 31085704 PMCID: PMC6652768 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00100-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a Gram-negative bacterium, can cause infectious diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to systemic dissemination and infection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this bacterial dissemination have yet to be elucidated. A study indicated that using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core as a ligand, S Typhimurium was able to bind human dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (hCD209a), an HIV receptor that promotes viral dissemination by hijacking antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we showed that S Typhimurium interacted with CD209s, leading to the invasion of APCs and potentially the dissemination to regional lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in mice. Shielding of the exposed LPS core through the expression of O-antigen reduces dissemination and infection. Thus, we propose that similar to HIV, S Typhimurium may also utilize APCs via interactions with CD209s as a way to disseminate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver to initiate host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Ye
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingxia He
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingmiao Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bicong Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yin Lv
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ying
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Hui Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ayman Ahmad Alkraiem
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivia Njiri
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - John Tembo
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Ping Huang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - An-Yi Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Guo-Xing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiamu Xiding
- Division of Disease Control and Prevention for Endemic Diseases, Wenquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingchun Zeng
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangxin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ling-Yu Jiang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Rukambile E, Sintchenko V, Muscatello G, Kock R, Alders R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:562-578. [PMID: 31179637 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpidius Rukambile
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robyn Alders
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
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Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1356540. [PMID: 31111075 PMCID: PMC6487120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1356540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. Despite tremendous improvements in global public health since 1950, a number of challenges remain to either prevent or eradicate infectious diseases. Many pathogens can cause acute infections that are effectively cleared by the host immunity, but a subcategory of these pathogens called "intracellular pathogens" can establish persistent and sometimes lifelong infections. Several of these intracellular pathogens manage to evade the host immune monitoring and cause disease by replicating inside the host cells. These pathogens have evolved diverse immune escape strategies and overcome immune responses by residing and multiplying inside host immune cells, primarily macrophages. While these intracellular pathogens that cause persistent infections are phylogenetically diverse and engage in diverse immune evasion and persistence strategies, they share common pathogen type-specific mechanisms during host-pathogen interaction inside host cells. Likewise, the host immune system is also equipped with a diverse range of effector functions to fight against the establishment of pathogen persistence and subsequent host damage. This article provides an overview of the immune effector functions used by the host to counter pathogens and various persistence strategies used by intracellular pathogens to counter host immunity, which enables their extended period of colonization in the host. The improved understanding of persistent intracellular pathogen-derived infections will contribute to develop improved disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylactics.
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Mutational and non mutational adaptation of Salmonella enterica to the gall bladder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5203. [PMID: 30914708 PMCID: PMC6435676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During systemic infection of susceptible hosts, Salmonella enterica colonizes the gall bladder, which contains lethal concentrations of bile salts. Recovery of Salmonella cells from the gall bladder of infected mice yields two types of isolates: (i) bile-resistant mutants; (ii) isolates that survive lethal selection without mutation. Bile-resistant mutants are recovered at frequencies high enough to suggest that increased mutation rates may occur in the gall bladder, thus providing a tentative example of stress-induced mutation in a natural environment. However, most bile-resistant mutants characterized in this study show defects in traits that are relevant for Salmonella colonization of the animal host. Mutation may thus permit short-term adaptation to the gall bladder at the expense of losing fitness for transmission to new hosts. In contrast, non mutational adaptation may have evolved as a fitness-preserving strategy. Failure of RpoS− mutants to colonize the gall bladder supports the involvement of the general stress response in non mutational adaptation.
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Wu SC, Chu XL, Su JQ, Cui ZQ, Zhang LY, Yu ZJ, Wu ZM, Cai ML, Li HX, Zhang ZJ. Baicalin protects mice against Salmonella typhimurium infection via the modulation of both bacterial virulence and host response. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:21-31. [PMID: 30195877 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worsening problems of antibiotic resistance prompt the need for alternative strategies. Baicalin, which is isolated from Scutellaria baicalensisi, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-virulence and antimicrobial effects. Salmonella typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogenic bacteriaum that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and many animals. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of baicalin on S. typhimurium infection in mice and its possible mechanism in vitro. STUDY DESIGN To evaluate the effect of baicalin in vivo, mice were orally administered of baicalin, and then were infected by an intragastric administration of S. typhimurium. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A against S. typhimurium were detected under the guides of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In vitro, Caco-2 cells were infected with S. typhimurium in the presence or absence of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A at sub-MICs. METHODS In the in vivo experiment, the body weight loss, the serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), the pathological changes of the caecum and the caecum bacterial burdens were examined. The MICs and MBCs of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A against S. typhimurium were detected by two-fold serial dilutions. In vitro, Caco-2 cells were infected with S. typhimurium, and the invasion capacity, TNFα, nitrate, and LDH were analysed. The transcription levels of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 virulence associated genes (sopB, sopE, sopE2) of S. typhimurium in the presence of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A were detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that baicalin significantly decreased the body weight loss, the serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and LDH, and the caecum bacterial burdens of mice challenged with S. typhimurium. Histological examination showed that baicalin decreased the lesion in the caecum of S. typhimurium-infected mice. MICs and MBCs of baicalin, and oroxylin A. against S. typhimurium were > 128 µg/ml. MICs and MBCs of baicalein against S. typhimurium were 64 µg/ml, and > 128 µg/ml, respectively. Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells or S. typhimurium with baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A significantly inhibited the invasion of Caco-2 cells by S. typhimurium in a dose-dependent manner. Sub-MICs of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A also significantly decreased the levels of TNFα, nitrate, and LDH from S. typhimurium-infected Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the transcription levels of sopB, sopE, and sopE2 were significantly suppressed by baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that baicalin is a promising agent for the prevention of S. typhimurium infection via the modulation of both bacterial virulence and host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Cheng Wu
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Xiu-Ling Chu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Su
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Cui
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zhen-Jiang Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zong-Mei Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Meng-Lu Cai
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
| | - Han-Xiao Li
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
| | - Zi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
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Blanco G, Díaz de Tuesta JA. Culture- and molecular-based detection of swine-adapted Salmonella shed by avian scavengers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1513-1518. [PMID: 29710649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella can play an important role as a disease agent in wildlife, which can then act as carriers and reservoirs of sanitary importance at the livestock-human interface. Transmission from livestock to avian scavengers can occur when these species consume contaminated carcasses and meat remains in supplementary feeding stations and rubbish dumps. We compared the performance of PCR-based detection with conventional culture-based methods to detect Salmonella in the faeces of red kites (Milvus milvus) and griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in central Spain. The occurrence of culturable Salmonella was intermediate in red kites (1.9%, n=52) and high in griffon vultures (26.3%, n=99). These proportions were clearly higher with PCR-based detection (13.5% and 40.4%, respectively). Confirmation cultures failed to grow Salmonella in all faecal samples positive by the molecular assay but negative by the initial conventional culture in both scavenger species, indicating the occurrence of false (non-culturable) positives by PCR-based detection. This suggests that the molecular assay is highly sensitive to detecting viable Salmonella in cultures, but also partial genomes and dead or unviable bacteria from past infections or contamination. Thus, the actual occurrence of Salmonella in a particular sampling time period can be underestimated when using only culture detection. The serovars found in the scavenger faeces were among the most frequently isolated in pigs from Spain and other EU countries, especially those generally recognized as swine-adapted monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium. Because the studied species obtain much of their food from pig carcasses, this livestock may be the primary source of Salmonella via direct ingestion of infected carcasses and indirectly via contamination due to the unsanitary conditions found in supplementary feeding stations established for scavenger conservation. Combining culture- and molecular-based detection is encouraged to understand the epidemiology and impact of Salmonella in wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Díaz de Tuesta
- Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Administración Local y Ordenación del Territorio, Comunidad de Madrid, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
More than a century ago, infections by Salmonella were already associated with foodborne enteric diseases with high morbidity in humans and cattle. Intestinal inflammation and diarrhea are hallmarks of infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, and these pathologies facilitate pathogen transmission to the environment. In those early times, physicians and microbiologists also realized that typhoid and paratyphoid fever caused by some Salmonella serovars could be transmitted by "carriers," individuals outwardly healthy or at most suffering from some minor chronic complaint. In his pioneering study of the nontyphoidal serovar Typhimurium in 1967, Takeuchi published the first images of intracellular bacteria enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles in the initial stages of the intestinal epithelium penetration. These compartments, called Salmonella-containing vacuoles, are highly dynamic phagosomes with differing biogenesis depending on the host cell type. Single-cell studies involving real-time imaging and gene expression profiling, together with new approaches based on genetic reporters sensitive to growth rate, have uncovered unprecedented heterogeneous responses in intracellular bacteria. Subpopulations of intracellular bacteria displaying fast, reduced, or no growth, as well as cytosolic and intravacuolar bacteria, have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo infection models. Recent investigations, most of them focused on the serovar Typhimurium, point to the selection of persisting bacteria inside macrophages or following an autophagy attack in fibroblasts. Here, we discuss these heterogeneous intracellular lifestyles and speculate on how these disparate behaviors may impact host-to-host transmissibility of Salmonella serovars.
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Blanco G. Supplementary feeding as a source of multiresistant Salmonella in endangered Egyptian vultures. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:806-816. [PMID: 29333678 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds have repeatedly been highlighted as vectors in the dissemination of livestock and human pathogens. Here, the occurrence, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella were assessed in adult Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus), to test the hypothesis that infection is associated with the consumption of swine carcasses provided at supplementary feeding stations (SFSs). Faeces of year-round resident griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) were also tested to assess whether infection was acquired in the breeding grounds of both species or in the African wintering quarters of Egyptian vultures. Depending on the shedding rate criteria considered, the occurrence of infection in Egyptian vultures varied between the three consecutive sampling days in a range with a minimum of 23%-41% and a maximum of 64%-92% of individuals (n = 11-14 individuals, 27-39 faeces). The occurrence in the single sampling of griffon vultures was 61% of faeces (n = 18). Vultures mostly fed on pig carcasses, which together with their predominant infection with multiresistant serotypes (mostly the monophasic 4,12:i:- variant resistant to aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines) typically found in pigs from Spain, strongly supports a carcass-to-vulture transmission and cross-infection routes at SFSs. Efforts are encouraged to avoid discarding carcasses of pigs with Salmonella at SFSs established for the conservation of threatened scavengers. This could contribute to reducing the long-distance transmission of resistant pathogens with an impact on livestock and human health while avoiding infection risk and its effects on wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Boonyarittichaikij R, Verbrugghe E, Dekeukeleire D, De Beelde R, Rouffaer LO, Haesendonck R, Strubbe D, Mattheus W, Bertrand S, Pasmans F, Bonte D, Verheyen K, Lens L, Martel A. Salmonella Typhimurium DT193 and DT99 are present in great and blue tits in Flanders, Belgium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187640. [PMID: 29112955 PMCID: PMC5675436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic infections with the common avian pathogen Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) may incur a significant cost on the host population. In this study, we determined the potential of endemic Salmonella infections to reduce the reproductive success of blue (Cyanistes caeruleus) and great (Parus major) tits by correlating eggshell infection with reproductive parameters. The fifth egg of each clutch was collected from nest boxes in 19 deciduous forest fragments. Out of the 101 sampled eggs, 7 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were recovered. The low bacterial prevalence was reflected by a similarly low serological prevalence in the fledglings. In this study with a relatively small sample size, presence of Salmonella did not affect reproductive parameters (egg volume, clutch size, number of nestlings and number of fledglings), nor the health status of the fledglings. However, in order to clarify the impact on health and reproduction a larger number of samples have to be analyzed. Phage typing showed that the isolates belonged to the definitive phage types (DT) 193 and 99, and multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) demonstrated a high similarity among the tit isolates, but distinction to human isolates. These findings suggest the presence of passerine-adapted Salmonella strains in free-ranging tit populations with host pathogen co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Boonyarittichaikij
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - E. Verbrugghe
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D. Dekeukeleire
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
| | - R. De Beelde
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
- Forest & Nature Laboratory, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - L. O. Rouffaer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R. Haesendonck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D. Strubbe
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W. Mattheus
- NRC Salmonella and Shigella Bacterial Diseases Division, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Bertrand
- NRC Salmonella and Shigella Bacterial Diseases Division, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D. Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
| | - K. Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Laboratory, Department Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - L. Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hassuna NA, Monk PN, Ali F, Read RC, Partridge LJ. A role for the tetraspanin proteins in Salmonella infection of human macrophages. J Infect 2017; 75:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens can cause acute infections that are cleared with the onset of adaptive immunity, but a subset of these pathogens can establish persistent, and sometimes lifelong, infections. While bacteria that cause chronic infections are phylogenetically diverse, they share common features in their interactions with the host that enable a protracted period of colonization. This article will compare the persistence strategies of two chronic pathogens from the Proteobacteria, Brucella abortus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, to consider how these two pathogens, which are very different at the genomic level, can utilize common strategies to evade immune clearance to cause chronic intracellular infections of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Wagner RD, Johnson SJ. Probiotic bacteria prevent Salmonella - induced suppression of lymphoproliferation in mice by an immunomodulatory mechanism. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:77. [PMID: 28356067 PMCID: PMC5372341 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica infections often exhibit a form of immune evasion. We previously observed that probiotic bacteria could prevent inhibition of lymphoproliferation and apoptosis responses of T cells associated with S. enterica infections in orally challenged mice. Results In this study, changes in expression of genes related to lymphocyte activation in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) of mice orally infected with S. enterica with and without treatment with probiotic bacteria were evaluated. Probiotic bacteria increased expression of mRNA for clusters of differentiation antigen 2 (Cd2), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (Ptprc), and Toll-like receptor 6 (Tlr6) genes related to T and B cell activation in mouse intestinal tissue. The probiotic bacteria were also associated with reduced mRNA expression of a group of genes (RelB, Myd88, Iκκa, Jun, Irak2) related to nuclear factor of kappa light chains enhancer in B cells (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway-regulated cytokine responses. Probiotic bacteria were also associated with reduced mRNA expression of apoptotic genes (Casp2, Casp12, Dad1, Akt1, Bad) that suggest high avidity lymphocyte sparing. Reduced CD2 immunostaining in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was suggestive of reduced lymphocyte activation in probiotic-treated mice. Reduced immunostaining of TLR6 in MALT of probiotic-treated, S. enterica-infected mice suggests that diminished innate immune sensitivity to S. enterica antigens is associated with preventing lymphocyte deletion. Conclusions The results of this study are consistent with prevention of S. enterica-induced deletion of lymphocytes by the influence of probiotic bacteria in mucosal lymphoid tissues of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Doug Wagner
- Microbiology Division, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Shemedia J Johnson
- Microbiology Division, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Jenkins AP, Jupiter S, Mueller U, Jenney A, Vosaki G, Rosa V, Naucukidi A, Mulholland K, Strugnell R, Kama M, Horwitz P. Health at the Sub-catchment Scale: Typhoid and Its Environmental Determinants in Central Division, Fiji. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:633-651. [PMID: 27557784 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of environmental change on transmission patterns of waterborne enteric diseases is a major public health concern. This study concerns the burden and spatial nature of enteric fever, attributable to Salmonella Typhi infection in the Central Division, Republic of Fiji at a sub-catchment scale over 30-months (2013-2015). Quantitative spatial analysis suggested relationships between environmental conditions of sub-catchments and incidence and recurrence of typhoid fever. Average incidence per inhabited sub-catchment for the Central Division was high at 205.9/100,000, with cases recurring in each calendar year in 26% of sub-catchments. Although the numbers of cases were highest within dense, urban coastal sub-catchments, the incidence was highest in low-density mountainous rural areas. Significant environmental determinants at this scale suggest increased risk of exposure where sediment yields increase following runoff. The study suggests that populations living on large systems that broaden into meandering mid-reaches and floodplains with alluvial deposition are at a greater risk compared to small populations living near small, erosional, high-energy headwaters and small streams unconnected to large hydrological networks. This study suggests that anthropogenic alteration of land cover and hydrology (particularly via fragmentation of riparian forest and connectivity between road and river networks) facilitates increased transmission of typhoid fever and that environmental transmission of typhoid fever is important in Fiji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Peter Jenkins
- Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | | | - Ute Mueller
- Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Adam Jenney
- Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kim Mulholland
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | | | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Pierre Horwitz
- Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Ramos-Marquès E, Zambrano S, Tiérrez A, Bianchi ME, Agresti A, García-Del Portillo F. Single-cell analyses reveal an attenuated NF-κB response in the Salmonella-infected fibroblast. Virulence 2016; 8:719-740. [PMID: 27575017 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1229727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic transcriptional regulator Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays a central role in the defense to pathogens. Despite this, few studies have analyzed NF-κB activity in single cells during infection. Here, we investigated at the single cell level how NF-κB nuclear localization - a proxy for NF-κB activity - oscillates in infected and uninfected fibroblasts co-existing in cultures exposed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Fibroblasts were used due to the capacity of S. Typhimurium to persist in this cell type. Real-time dynamics of NF-κB was examined in microfluidics, which prevents cytokine accumulation. In this condition, infected (ST+) cells translocate NF-κB to the nucleus at higher rate than the uninfected (ST-) cells. Surprisingly, in non-flow (static) culture conditions, ST- fibroblasts exhibited higher NF-κB nuclear translocation than the ST+ population, with these latter cells turning refractory to external stimuli such as TNF-α or a second infection. Sorting of ST+ and ST- cell populations confirmed enhanced expression of NF-κB target genes such as IL1B, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3, and TRAF1 in uninfected (ST-) fibroblasts. These observations proved that S. Typhimurium dampens the NF-κB response in the infected fibroblast. Higher expression of SOCS3, encoding a "suppressor of cytokine signaling," was also observed in the ST+ population. Intracellular S. Typhimurium subverts NF-κB activity using protein effectors translocated by the secretion systems encoded by pathogenicity islands 1 (T1) and 2 (T2). T1 is required for regulating expression of SOCS3 and all NF-κB target genes analyzed whereas T2 displayed no role in the control of SOCS3 and IL1B expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that S. Typhimurium attenuates NF-κB signaling in fibroblasts, an effect only perceptible when ST+ and ST- populations are analyzed separately. This tune-down in a central host defense might be instrumental for S. Typhimurium to establish intracellular persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Ramos-Marquès
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Alberto Tiérrez
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- c Genetics and Cell Biology Division , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandra Agresti
- c Genetics and Cell Biology Division , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- a Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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Søndberg E, Jelsbak L. Salmonella Typhimurium undergoes distinct genetic adaption during chronic infections of mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 26955808 PMCID: PMC4784465 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a severe systemic human disease and endemic in regions of the world with poor drinking water quality and sewage treatment facilities. A significant number of patients become asymptomatic life-long carriers of S. Typhi and serve as the reservoir for the disease. The specific mechanisms and adaptive strategies enabling S. Typhi to survive inside the host for extended periods are incompletely understood. Yet, elucidation of these processes is of major importance for improvement of therapeutic strategies. In the current study genetic adaptation during experimental chronic S. Typhimurium infections of mice, an established model of chronic typhoid fever, was probed as an approach for studying the molecular mechanisms of host-adaptation during long-term host-association. Results Individually sequence-tagged wild type strains of S. Typhimurium 4/74 were used to establish chronic infections of 129X1/SvJ mice. Over the course of infections, S. Typhimurium bacteria were isolated from feces and from livers and spleens upon termination of the experiment. In all samples dominant clones were identified and select clones were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Dominant clones isolated from either systemic organs or fecal samples exhibited distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One mouse appeared to have distinct adapted clones in the spleen and liver, respectively. Three mice were colonized in the intestines by the same clone containing the same non-synonymous SNP in a transcriptional regulator, kdgR, of metabolic genes. This likely indicates transmission of this clone between mice. The mutation was tracked to have occurred prior to 2 weeks post infection in one of the three mice and had subsequently been transmitted to the other two mice. Re-infection with this clone confirmed that it is superior to the wild type for intestinal colonization. Conclusions During 4 to 6 weeks of chronic infections, S. Typhimurium acquired distinct SNPs in known regulators of metabolic and virulence genes. One SNP, the kdgR-SNP was confirmed to confer selective advantage during chronic infections and constitute a true patho-adaptive mutation. Together, the results provide evidence for rapid genetic adaptation to the host of S. Typhimurium and validate experimental evolution in the context of host infection as a strategy for elucidating pathogen host interactions at the molecular level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0646-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Søndberg
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Jelsbak
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Achouri S, Wright JA, Evans L, Macleod C, Fraser G, Cicuta P, Bryant CE. The frequency and duration of Salmonella-macrophage adhesion events determines infection efficiency. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140033. [PMID: 25533091 PMCID: PMC4275903 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes a range of important diseases in humans and a in a variety of animal species. The ability of bacteria to adhere to, invade and survive within host cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. In systemic salmonellosis, macrophages constitute a niche for the proliferation of bacteria within the host organism. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is flagellated and the frequency with which this bacterium collides with a cell is important for infection efficiency. We investigated how bacterial motility affects infection efficiency, using a combination of population-level macrophage infection experiments and direct imaging of single-cell infection events, comparing wild-type and motility mutants. Non-motile and aflagellate bacterial strains, in contrast to wild-type bacteria, collide less frequently with macrophages, are in contact with the cell for less time and infect less frequently. Run-biased Salmonella also collide less frequently with macrophages but maintain contact with macrophages for a longer period of time than wild-type strains and infect the cells more readily. Our results suggest that uptake of S. Typhimurium by macrophages is dependent upon the duration of contact time of the bacterium with the cell, in addition to the frequency with which the bacteria collide with the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Achouri
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John A Wright
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Lewis Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Charlotte Macleod
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gillian Fraser
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Molina A, Granados-Chinchilla F, Jiménez M, Acuña-Calvo MT, Alfaro M, Chavarría G. Vigilance for Salmonella in Feedstuffs Available in Costa Rica: Prevalence, Serotyping and Tetracycline Resistance of Isolates Obtained from 2009 to 2014. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 13:119-27. [PMID: 26682678 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant epidemiological information is provided in this report for Salmonella based on data obtained from a Costa Rican surveillance program for animal feeds. In addition to prevalence, a description in terms of serotypes and tetracycline (TET) resistance of the isolates is included. A total of 1725 feed and feed ingredients samples were analyzed during 2009 and 2014, from which 110 Salmonella strains were recovered (76 from poultry, 23 from meat and bone meal [MBM], 3 from pet foods, and 8 from other feed). Retrieved isolates were serotyped and tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against TET. Salmonella strains were found mainly from poultry feed (different growth stages, n = 76/110; 69.1%) and MBM (n = 23/109; 21.1%). The rest of the isolates were recovered from feather meal, pet food, fish meal (n = 3/110; 2.3% each) and swine feed (n = 1/110; 0.9%). From the different serotypes recovered (n = 21), the most common were Salmonella Give (n = 18; 13.8%) and Salmonella Rissen (n = 6; 4.6%) for MBM and Salmonella Havana (n = 14; 10.8%), Salmonella Rissen, Salmonella Soerenga, and Salmonella Schwarzengrund (n = 8; 6.2% each) in poultry feed. Recovered strains were regarded to be sensitive or have an intermediate resistance to TET as evidenced by their MIC50 and MIC90 concentrations of 4 and 8 μg/mL for MBM and poultry feed, respectively. Compound feed and MBM samples exhibited strains characterized by 86.8 and 88.9% of the isolates classified (according to CLSI, 2015 ) as sensitive, 7.7 and 3.7% as intermediate, and 5.5% (with >256 μg/mL as the highest concentration) and 7.4% (with 64 μg/mL as the highest concentration) as resistant to TET, respectively. Salmonella serovars Anatum and Havana exhibited the highest resistance profile >256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively. Hence, MBM and poultry feed seem to be a target of interest if Salmonella incidence is to be controlled. Serotypes recovered have in the past demonstrated pathogenic capability; therefore, hereafter a stricter surveillance program may be in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Molina
- 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica .,2 Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marisol Jiménez
- 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Teresa Acuña-Calvo
- 3 Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA) , Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Margarita Alfaro
- 4 Unidad de Microbiología, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal , Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Guadalupe Chavarría
- 1 Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio , San José, Costa Rica
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Akullian A, Ng’eno E, Matheson AI, Cosmas L, Macharia D, Fields B, Bigogo G, Mugoh M, John-Stewart G, Walson JL, Wakefield J, Montgomery JM. Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in an Urban Slum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004212. [PMID: 26633656 PMCID: PMC4669139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever due to Salmonella Typhi (typhoid fever) occurs in urban areas with poor sanitation. While direct fecal-oral transmission is thought to be the predominant mode of transmission, recent evidence suggests that indirect environmental transmission may also contribute to disease spread. METHODS Data from a population-based infectious disease surveillance system (28,000 individuals followed biweekly) were used to map the spatial pattern of typhoid fever in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi Kenya, between 2010-2011. Spatial modeling was used to test whether variations in topography and accumulation of surface water explain the geographic patterns of risk. RESULTS Among children less than ten years of age, risk of typhoid fever was geographically heterogeneous across the study area (p = 0.016) and was positively associated with lower elevation, OR = 1.87, 95% CI (1.36-2.57), p <0.001. In contrast, the risk of typhoid fever did not vary geographically or with elevation among individuals more than ten years of age [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence of indirect, environmental transmission of typhoid fever among children, a group with high exposure to fecal pathogens in the environment. Spatially targeting sanitation interventions may decrease enteric fever transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Akullian
- University of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Ng’eno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kenya
| | - Alastair I. Matheson
- University of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leonard Cosmas
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Macharia
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kenya
| | - Maina Mugoh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kenya
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Judd L. Walson
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Wakefield
- University of Washington, Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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45
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of community-acquired bloodstream infection in Africa. The contribution of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars to invasive disease varies considerably in place and time, even within the same country. Nonetheless, many African countries are now thought to experience typhoid fever incidence >100 per 100,000 per year with approximately 1% of patients dying. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease was estimated to cause 3.4 million illnesses and 681 316 deaths in 2010, with the most disease in Africa. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a growing problem in S. enterica that threatens to further compromise patient outcomes. Reservoirs for nontyphoidal Salmonella and the predominant routes of transmission for typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella are not well understood in Africa, hampering the design of evidence-based, non-vaccine- and vaccine-based prevention measures. It is difficult to distinguish clinically invasive Salmonella disease from febrile illnesses caused by other pathogens. Blood cultures are the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis, but lack sensitivity due to the low magnitude of bacteremia, do not produce results at point of care, and are not widely available in Africa. Serologic approaches to diagnosis remain inaccurate, and nucleic acid amplification tests are also compromised by low concentrations of bacteria. High-throughput whole-genome sequencing, together with a range of novel analytic pipelines, has provided new insights into the complex pattern of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and host adaptation. Concerted efforts are therefore needed to apply these new tools in the context of high-quality field surveillance to improve diagnosis, patient management, control, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
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46
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Gibani MM, Jin C, Darton TC, Pollard AJ. Control of Invasive Salmonella Disease in Africa: Is There a Role for Human Challenge Models? Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61 Suppl 4:S266-71. [PMID: 26449941 PMCID: PMC4596929 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella disease in Africa is a major public health concern. With evidence of the transcontinental spread of the Salmonella Typhi H58 haplotype, improved estimates of the burden of infection and understanding of the complex interplay of factors affecting disease transmission are needed to assist with efforts aimed at disease control. In addition to Salmonella Typhi, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella are increasingly recognized as an important cause of febrile illness and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Human experimental oral challenge studies with Salmonella can be used as a model to offer unique insights into host-pathogen interactions as well as a platform to efficiently test new diagnostic and vaccine candidates. In this article, we review the background and use of human challenge studies to date and discuss how findings from these studies may lead to progress in the control of invasive Salmonella disease in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malick M Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
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47
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MacKenzie KD, Wang Y, Shivak DJ, Wong CS, Hoffman LJL, Lam S, Kröger C, Cameron ADS, Townsend HGG, Köster W, White AP. Bistable expression of CsgD in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium connects virulence to persistence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2312-26. [PMID: 25824832 PMCID: PMC4432751 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00137-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria often need to survive in the host and the environment, and it is not well understood how cells transition between these equally challenging situations. For the human and animal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, biofilm formation is correlated with persistence outside a host, but the connection to virulence is unknown. In this study, we analyzed multicellular-aggregate and planktonic-cell subpopulations that coexist when S. Typhimurium is grown under biofilm-inducing conditions. These cell types arise due to bistable expression of CsgD, the central biofilm regulator. Despite being exposed to the same stresses, the two cell subpopulations had 1,856 genes that were differentially expressed, as determined by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Aggregated cells displayed the characteristic gene expression of biofilms, whereas planktonic cells had enhanced expression of numerous virulence genes. Increased type three secretion synthesis in planktonic cells correlated with enhanced invasion of a human intestinal cell line and significantly increased virulence in mice compared to the aggregates. However, when the same groups of cells were exposed to desiccation, the aggregates survived better, and the competitive advantage of planktonic cells was lost. We hypothesize that CsgD-based differentiation is a form of bet hedging, with single cells primed for host cell invasion and aggregated cells adapted for persistence in the environment. This allows S. Typhimurium to spread the risks of transmission and ensures a smooth transition between the host and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D MacKenzie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yejun Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dylan J Shivak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Leia J L Hoffman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shirley Lam
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Carsten Kröger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D S Cameron
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hugh G G Townsend
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aaron P White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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48
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Hale C, Yeung A, Goulding D, Pickard D, Alasoo K, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages as a cellular system to study salmonella and other pathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124307. [PMID: 25946027 PMCID: PMC4422593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of pathogens, including several human-restricted organisms, persist and replicate within macrophages (Mφs) as a key step in pathogenesis. The mechanisms underpinning such host-restricted intracellular adaptations are poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of appropriate model systems. Here we explore the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages (iPSDMs) to study such pathogen interactions. We show iPSDMs express a panel of established Mφ-specific markers, produce cytokines, and polarise into classical and alternative activation states in response to IFN-γ and IL-4 stimulation, respectively. iPSDMs also efficiently phagocytosed inactivated bacterial particles as well as live Salmonella Typhi and S. Typhimurium and were able to kill these pathogens. We conclude that iPSDMs can support productive Salmonella infection and propose this as a flexible system to study host/pathogen interactions. Furthermore, iPSDMs can provide a flexible and practical cellular platform for assessing host responses in multiple genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Vocale C, Rimoldi SG, Pagani C, Grande R, Pedna F, Arghittu M, Lunghi G, Maraschini A, Gismondo MR, Landini MP, Torresani E, Topin F, Sambri V. Comparative evaluation of the new xTAG GPP multiplex assay in the laboratory diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis. Clinical assessment and potential application from a multicentre Italian study. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 34:33-7. [PMID: 25749649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastroenteritis caused by a single pathogen or multiple pathogens remains a major diagnostic challenge for the laboratory. The treatment of diarrhoea is based on microbiological results. Diagnosis is achieved using different laboratory techniques that have variable sensitivity and specificity. xTAG GPP is a new multiplex PCR assay that simultaneously detects 15 different pathogens responsible for diarrhoea. The results of the first multicentre study in Italy to evaluate the potential clinical application of the GPP assay in the laboratory diagnosis of diarrhoea are reported here. METHODS Faeces specimens (N=664) from hospitalized patients were tested with the GPP assay using a Luminex 200 instrument. All specimens were run using comparator methods following a routine algorithm: culture for bacteria, enzyme immunoassay and PCR for viruses, and microscopy for parasites. RESULTS Of the samples tested with the GPP, 53.61% (356/664) gave positive results, as compared to 45.33% by routine testing. Of the positive specimens, 34.55% showed the presence of genomic DNA from multiple pathogens. The Luminex method showed an increase in the percentage of positivity of 8.28%. CONCLUSIONS The GPP assay can be considered a helpful tool for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens, with a hands-on time of 5h; it provides accurate data for the clinical management of hospitalized patients and for epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vocale
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - S G Rimoldi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - C Pagani
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - R Grande
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - F Pedna
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, The Hub Laboratory of the Greater Romagna Area, Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - M Arghittu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Bacteriology and Virology Units, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Lunghi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Bacteriology and Virology Units, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Maraschini
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Bacteriology and Virology Units, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M R Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M P Landini
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Torresani
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Bacteriology and Virology Units, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - F Topin
- Luminex Corporation, Oosterhout NB, Netherlands
| | - V Sambri
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, The Hub Laboratory of the Greater Romagna Area, Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy; DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Williams K, Gokulan K, Shelman D, Akiyama T, Khan A, Khare S. Cytotoxic Mechanism ofCytolethal Distending Toxinin NontyphoidalSalmonellaSerovar (SalmonellaJaviana) During Macrophage Infection. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:113-24. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Diamond Shelman
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Tatsuya Akiyama
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Ashraf Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
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