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Felipin KP, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Ikenohuchi YJ, Santana HM, Setúbal SDS, Rego CMA, Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Serrath SN, De Medeiros EHRT, Pimentel IF, Oliveira AER, Cupolillo E, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira RDGM, Zuliani JP. Transcriptomics analysis highlights potential ways in human pathogenesis in Leishmania braziliensis infected with the viral endosymbiont LRV1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012126. [PMID: 38743668 PMCID: PMC11093365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is widely distributed in Brazil and is one of the main species associated with human cases of different forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) such as cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of TL are still not fully understood, but it is known that factors related to the host and the parasite act in a synergistic and relevant way to direct the response to the infection. In the host, macrophages have a central connection with the parasite and play a fundamental role in the defense of the organism due to their ability to destroy intracellular parasites and present antigens. In the parasite, some intrinsic factors related to the species or even the strain analyzed are fundamental for the outcome of the disease. One of them is the presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 (LRV1), an endosymbiont virus that parasitizes some species of Leishmania that triggers a cascade of signals leading to a more severe TL phenotype, such as ML. One of the strategies for understanding factors associated with the immune response generated after Leishmania/host interaction is through the analysis of molecular patterns after infection. Thus, the gene expression profile in human monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from healthy donors infected in vitro with L. braziliensis positive (LbLRV1+) and negative (LbLRV1-) for LRV1 was evaluated. For this, the microarray assay was used and 162 differentially expressed genes were identified in the comparison LbLRV1+ vs. LbLRV1-, 126 upregulated genes for the type I and II interferons (IFN) signaling pathway, oligoadenylate synthase OAS/RNAse L, non-genomic actions of vitamin D3 and RIG-I type receptors, and 36 down-regulated. The top 10 downregulated genes along with the top 10 upregulated genes were considered for analysis. Type I interferon (IFNI)- and OAS-related pathways results were validated by RT-qPCR and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were analyzed by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microarray results validated by RT-qPCR showed differential expression of genes related to IFNI-mediated pathways with overexpression of different genes in cells infected with LbLRV1+ compared to LbLRV1- and to the control. No significant differences were found in cytokine levels between LbLRV1+ vs. LbLRV1- and control. The data suggest the activation of gene signaling pathways associated with the presence of LRV1 has not yet been reported so far. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the activation of the OAS/RNase L signaling pathway and the non-genomic actions of vitamin D3 when comparing infections with LbLRV1+ versus LbLRV1- and the control. This finding emphasizes the role of LRV1 in directing the host's immune response after infection, underlining the importance of identifying LRV1 in patients with TL to assess disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Paula Felipin
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Yoda Janaina Ikenohuchi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Suzanne Nery Serrath
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Iasmin Ferreira Pimentel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Godoi Matos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Brazil
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Gaougaou G, Vincent AT, Krylova K, Habouria H, Bessaiah H, Baraketi A, Veyrier FJ, Dozois CM, Déziel E, Lacroix M. Adaptive Radioresistance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Results in Genomic Loss of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Prophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0130622. [PMID: 37014232 PMCID: PMC10132102 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01306-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen producing Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), which can cause hemorrhagic diarrhea and life-threatening infections. O157:H7 strain EDL933 carries prophages CP-933V and BP-933W, which encode Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2, respectively). The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of adaptive resistance of EHEC strain EDL933 to a typically lethal dose of gamma irradiation (1.5 kGy). Adaptive selection through six passages of exposure to 1.5 kGy resulted in the loss of CP-933V and BP-933W prophages from the genome and mutations within three genes: wrbA, rpoA, and Wt_02639 (molY). Three selected EHEC clones that became irradiation adapted to the 1.5-kGy dose (C1, C2, and C3) demonstrated increased resistance to oxidative stress, sensitivity to acid pH, and decreased cytotoxicity to Vero cells. To confirm that loss of prophages plays a role in increased radioresistance, clones C1 and C2 were exposed to bacteriophage-containing lysates. Although phage BP-933W could lysogenize C1, C2, and E. coli K-12 strain MG1655, it was not found to have integrated into the bacterial chromosome in C1-Φ and C2-Φ lysogens. Interestingly, for the E. coli K-12 lysogen (K-12-Φ), BP-933W DNA had integrated at the wrbA gene (K-12-Φ). Both C1-Φ and C2-Φ lysogens regained sensitivity to oxidative stress, were more effectively killed by a 1.5-kGy gamma irradiation dose, and had regained cytotoxicity and acid resistance phenotypes. Further, the K-12-Φ lysogen became cytotoxic, more sensitive to gamma irradiation and oxidative stress, and slightly more acid resistant. IMPORTANCE Gamma irradiation of food products can provide an effective means of eliminating bacterial pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, a significant foodborne pathogen that can cause severe disease due to the production of Stx. To decipher the mechanisms of adaptive resistance of the O157:H7 strain EDL933, we evolved clones of this bacterium resistant to a lethal dose of gamma irradiation by repeatedly exposing bacterial cells to irradiation following a growth restoration over six successive passages. Our findings provide evidence that adaptive selection involved modifications in the bacterial genome, including deletion of the CP-933V and BP-933W prophages. These mutations in EHEC O157:H7 resulted in loss of stx1 and stx2, loss of cytotoxicity to epithelial cells, and decreased resistance to acidity, critical virulence determinants of EHEC, concomitant with increased resistance to lethal irradiation and oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that the potential adaptation of EHEC to high doses of radiation would involve elimination of the Stx-encoding phages and likely lead to a substantial attenuation of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Gaougaou
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Centre, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Kateryna Krylova
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Hajer Habouria
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Hicham Bessaiah
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Amina Baraketi
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Centre, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Charles M. Dozois
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Déziel
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Centre, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada
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de Carvalho RV, Lima-Júnior DS, de Oliveira CV, Zamboni DS. Endosymbiotic RNA virus inhibits Leishmania-induced caspase-11 activation. iScience 2021; 24:102004. [PMID: 33490912 PMCID: PMC7811143 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New World species of the intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus can cause mucocutaneous leishmaniases. The presence of an endosymbiotic Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Leishmania guyanensis (L.g.) promotes disease exacerbation and the development of mucocutaneous disease. It was previously reported that LRV blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome, but additional mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether LRV interferes with the inflammasome via caspase-11, which induces non-canonical NLRP3 activation and was reported to be activated by Leishmania. By using macrophages and mice, we found that LRV inhibits caspase-11 activation and IL-1β release by L.g. in a TLR3- and ATG5-dependent manner. Moreover, LRV exacerbates disease in C57BL/6 mice but not in Casp11 -/- , Nlrp3 -/- , and 129 mice, a mouse strain that is naturally mutant for caspase-11. These results demonstrate that LRV interferes with caspase-11 activation by Leishmania, expanding our understanding about the mechanisms by which LRV promotes disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V.H. de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline V. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, FMRP/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
- Corresponding author
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Vu DL, Kaiser L. The concept of commensal viruses almost 20 years later: redefining borders in clinical virology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:688-690. [PMID: 28288831 PMCID: PMC7130093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D-L Vu
- Geneva University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases, Switzerland.
| | - L Kaiser
- Geneva University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Division of Infectious Diseases, Switzerland
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Hartley MA, Young A, Tran AM, Okoni-Williams HH, Suma M, Mancuso B, Al-Dikhari A, Faouzi M. Predicting Ebola Severity: A Clinical Prioritization Score for Ebola Virus Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005265. [PMID: 28151955 PMCID: PMC5289426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the notoriety of Ebola virus disease (EVD) as one of the world's most deadly infections, EVD has a wide range of outcomes, where asymptomatic infection may be almost as common as fatality. With increasingly sensitive EVD diagnosis, there is a need for more accurate prognostic tools that objectively stratify clinical severity to better allocate limited resources and identify those most in need of intensive treatment. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This retrospective cohort study analyses the clinical characteristics of 158 EVD(+) patients at the GOAL-Mathaska Ebola Treatment Centre, Sierra Leone. The prognostic potential of each characteristic was assessed and incorporated into a statistically weighted disease score. The mortality rate among EVD(+) patients was 60.8% and highest in those aged <5 or >25 years (p<0.05). Death was significantly associated with malaria co-infection (OR = 2.5, p = 0.01). However, this observation was abrogated after adjustment to Ebola viral load (p = 0.1), potentially indicating a pathologic synergy between the infections. Similarly, referral-time interacted with viral load, and adjustment revealed referral-time as a significant determinant of mortality, thus quantifying the benefits of early reporting as a 12% mortality risk reduction per day (p = 0.012). Disorientation was the strongest unadjusted predictor of death (OR = 13.1, p = 0.014) followed by hiccups, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, dyspnoea and myalgia. Including these characteristics in multivariate prognostic scores, we obtained a 91% and 97% ability to discriminate death at or after triage respectively (area under ROC curve). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study proposes highly predictive and easy-to-use prognostic tools, which stratify the risk of EVD mortality at or after EVD triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- GOAL Global, Dublin, Ireland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Faouzi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Feiner R, Argov T, Rabinovich L, Sigal N, Borovok I, Herskovits AA. A new perspective on lysogeny: prophages as active regulatory switches of bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 13:641-50. [PMID: 26373372 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike lytic phages, temperate phages that enter lysogeny maintain a long-term association with their bacterial host. In this context, mutually beneficial interactions can evolve that support efficient reproduction of both phages and bacteria. Temperate phages are integrated into the bacterial chromosome as large DNA insertions that can disrupt gene expression, and they may pose a fitness burden on the cell. However, they have also been shown to benefit their bacterial hosts by providing new functions in a bacterium-phage symbiotic interaction termed lysogenic conversion. In this Opinion article, we discuss another type of bacterium-phage interaction, active lysogeny, in which phages or phage-like elements are integrated into the bacterial chromosome within critical genes or operons and serve as switches that regulate bacterial genes via genome excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Feiner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Argov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lev Rabinovich
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nadejda Sigal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ilya Borovok
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anat A Herskovits
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Bourreau E, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Hartley MA, Gangneux JP, Robert-Gangneux F, Dufour J, Sainte-Marie D, Bertolotti A, Pratlong F, Martin R, Schütz F, Couppié P, Fasel N, Ronet C. Presence ofLeishmaniaRNA Virus 1 inLeishmania guyanensisIncreases the Risk of First-Line Treatment Failure and Symptomatic Relapse. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:105-11. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
I pictured myself as a virus…and tried to sense what it would be like. --Jonas Salk. Ecology as a science evolved from natural history, the observational study of the interactions of plants and animals with each other and their environments. As natural history matured, it became increasingly quantitative, experimental, and taxonomically broad. Focus diversified beyond the Eukarya to include the hidden world of microbial life. Microbes, particularly viruses, were shown to exist in unfathomable numbers, affecting every living organism. Slowly viruses came to be viewed in an ecological context rather than as abstract, disease-causing agents. This shift is exemplified by an increasing tendency to refer to viruses as living organisms instead of inert particles. In recent years, researchers have recognized the critical contributions of viruses to fundamental ecological processes such as biogeochemical cycling, competition, community structuring, and horizontal gene transfer. This review describes virus ecology from a virus's perspective. If we are, like Jonas Salk, to imagine ourselves as a virus, what kind of world would we experience?
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367;
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Hartley MA, Kohl K, Ronet C, Fasel N. The therapeutic potential of immune cross-talk in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:119-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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