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Skoog EC, Deck SL, Entwistle HD, Hansen LM, Solnick JV. Characterization of the Cag pathogenicity island in Helicobacter pylori from naturally infected rhesus macaques. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw275. [PMID: 27940463 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori commonly infects the epithelial layer of the human stomach and in some individuals causes peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma or gastric lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori is a genetically diverse species, and the most important bacterial virulence factor that increases the risk of developing disease, versus asymptomatic colonization, is the cytotoxin associated gene pathogenicity island (cagPAI). Socially housed rhesus macaques are often naturally infected with H. pylori similar to that which colonizes humans, but little is known about the cagPAI. Here we show that H. pylori strains isolated from naturally infected rhesus macaques have a cagPAI very similar to that found in human clinical isolates, and like human isolates, it encodes a functional type IV secretion system. These results provide further support for the relevance of rhesus macaques as a valid experimental model for H. pylori infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Skoog
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samuel L Deck
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hasan D Entwistle
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lori M Hansen
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jay V Solnick
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lofgren JL, Whary MT, Ge Z, Muthupalani S, Taylor NS, Mobley M, Potter A, Varro A, Eibach D, Suerbaum S, Wang TC, Fox JG. Lack of commensal flora in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS mice reduces gastritis and delays intraepithelial neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:210-20. [PMID: 20950613 PMCID: PMC3006487 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transgenic FVB/N insulin-gastrin (INS-GAS) mice have high circulating gastrin levels, and develop spontaneous atrophic gastritis and gastrointestinal intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) with 80% prevalence 6 months after Helicobacter pylori infection. GIN is associated with gastric atrophy and achlorhydria, predisposing mice to nonhelicobacter microbiota overgrowth. We determined if germfree INS-GAS mice spontaneously develop GIN and if H pylori accelerates GIN in gnotobiotic INS-GAS mice. METHODS We compared gastric lesions, levels of messenger RNA, serum inflammatory mediators, antibodies, and gastrin among germfree and H pylori-monoinfected INS-GAS mice. Microbiota composition of specific pathogen-free (SPF) INS-GAS mice was quantified by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Germfree INS-GAS mice had mild hypergastrinemia but did not develop significant gastric lesions until 9 months old and did not develop GIN through 13 months. H pylori monoassociation caused progressive gastritis, epithelial defects, oxyntic atrophy, marked foveolar hyperplasia, dysplasia, and robust serum and tissue proinflammatory immune responses (particularly males) between 5 and 11 months postinfection (P<0.05, compared with germfree controls). Only 2 of 26 female, whereas 8 of 18 male, H pylori-infected INS-GAS mice developed low to high-grade GIN by 11 months postinfection. Stomachs of H pylori-infected SPF male mice had significant reductions in Bacteroidetes and significant increases in Firmicutes. CONCLUSIONS Gastric lesions take 13 months longer to develop in germfree INS-GAS mice than male SPF INS-GAS mice. H pylori monoassociation accelerated gastritis and GIN but caused less severe gastric lesions and delayed onset of GIN compared with H pylori-infected INS-GAS mice with complex gastric microbiota. Changes in gastric microbiota composition might promote GIN in achlorhydric stomachs of SPF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Lofgren
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mark T. Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nancy S. Taylor
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Melissa Mobley
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Amanda Potter
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Andrea Varro
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Fialho AMN, Braga ABC, Braga Neto MB, Carneiro JG, Rocha AMC, Rodrigues MN, Queiroz DMM, Braga LLBC. Younger siblings play a major role in Helicobacter pylori transmission among children from a low-income community in the Northeast of Brazil. Helicobacter 2010; 15:491-6. [PMID: 21073604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To further evaluate intrafamilial transmission of H. pylori infection during childhood, we investigated the prevalence of H. pylori in family members from a poor H. pylori high-prevalence urban community in the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS H. pylori infection was investigated in 570 members of 128 households, by (13) C-urea breath test in children and by ELISA in mothers and other adult relatives. RESULTS The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection (376/570) increased with age (p < .001) and ranged from 28.9%, in children aged 6 months to 5 years, to 82% in adults over 40 years. An H. pylori positive mother and the number of infected siblings are independent risk factors for childhood H. pylori infection (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-4.6 and OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.3-8.1, respectively) The number of siblings, number of younger siblings, and number of infected younger siblings were also associated with the infection in the univariate analysis. The number of infected younger siblings remained independently associated with the infection (p = .000), even after controlling for all the above cited variables, in addition to the H. pylori status of siblings and mothers, age, number of people per room, and number of children in the household. CONCLUSION The transmission of H. pylori occurs from infected mothers to their offspring and among siblings, notably from younger siblings to the older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M N Fialho
- Clinical Research Unity - Department of Internal Medicine - University Hospital Walter Cantídio - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Effects of Microbiota on GI Health: Gnotobiotic Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 635:41-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liou JM, Lin JT, Wang HP, Huang SP, Lee YC, Chiu HM, Shun CT, Wu MS. IL-1B-511 C-->T polymorphism is associated with increased host susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese. Helicobacter 2007; 12:142-9. [PMID: 17309751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heritability of Helicobacter pylori infection from twin studies has been reported to be 0.66. However, few data were available on the host susceptibility to H. pylori infection in Chinese. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the IL-1B and IL-1RN single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and ABO blood types on the host susceptibility to H. pylori infection. METHODS Individuals who underwent routine health check-up were enrolled. Genotyping was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by direct sequencing and size fractionation using DNA from peripheral blood samples. Odds ratios (OR) for the susceptibility of H. pylori infection were computed from logistic regression models. RESULTS The overall prevalence of H. pylori was 62% among the 663 healthy individuals, with 54.7, 63.5, and 66.9% in persons genotyped C/C, C/T, and T/T at IL-1B-511, respectively. Age (OR 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.07, p < .001) and T carrier at IL-1B-511 (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.06-2.30, p = .026) were independent factors associated with increased risks of H. pylori infection in the multivariate analysis. The risks of H. pylori infection were not related to IL-1RN SNP and ABO blood types. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that a proinflammatory polymorphism at IL-1B promoter gene is associated with increased host susceptibility to H. pylori infection in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Liou
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Roussel Y, Harris A, Lee MH, Wilks M. Novel methods of quantitative real-time PCR data analysis in a murine Helicobacter pylori vaccine model. Vaccine 2007; 25:2919-29. [PMID: 16905224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is important to assess the efficacy of new vaccines against the pathogen. To realise the full potential of quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR), this technology has to offer accurate and easy models of post-PCR data analysis. In this work, we used a variety of absolute and relative approaches of q-PCR data analysis to monitor the H. pylori infection in the stomach of immunized mice. Relative quantification was performed with Ct-based methods, with the DART program, and with two methods based on the mathematical analysis of raw fluorescence kinetics, the LinReg program and the Sigmoidal Curve Fitting Method. The different calculation methods were validated in mice immunized with cell lysates of Lactococcus lactis expressing the H. pylori urease subunit B in combination with cholera toxin. The H. pylori load was found to be reduced in immunized mice by a factor of 50-144, depending on the calculation method employed. We found that relative quantification using DART, LinReg and Sigmoidal Curve Fitting methods generated similar results (infection ratios of 54-58) with absolute quantification results (54-65). Results were very different to those using relative quantification Ct-based methods without a correction for PCR efficiency (ratio of 92-144) and with results based on conventional culture method (ratio of 34). Overall, this study demonstrates that q-PCR associated with a relative quantification analysis is a powerful tool for the monitoring of microorganisms in tissue. It could be used as an alternative to standard curve approach especially for the investigation of microbial load in vaccine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Roussel
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Barts and the London NHS Trust, 3rd Floor, Pathology & Pharmacy Building, 80 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2ES, United Kingdom
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Abstract
About half of the world's population is estimated to be infected with Helicobacter pylori, a gastric bacterium that contributes to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. H. pylori is more prevalent in low-income areas of the world and social and economic development decreases the prevalence as reflected in comparisons both within and between countries. The infection is typically acquired in early childhood and once established commonly persists throughout life unless treated. Person-to-person transmission within the family appears to be the predominant mode of transmission, particularly from mothers to children and among siblings, indicating that intimate contact is important. The route of transmission is uncertain, but the gastro-oral, oral-oral and faecal-oral routes are likely possibilities. Hence, gastroenteritis may facilitate dissemination of the infection. The community and environment may play additional roles for H. pylori transmission in some (low-income) settings. Furthermore, host and bacterial factors may modify the probabilities of acquisition and persistence of the infection. The understanding of H. pylori occurrence and transmission is of practical importance if future study deems prevention of the infection desirable in some high-prevalence populations. The present paper reviews aspects of H. pylori occurrence and transmission with an emphasis on household factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Kivi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC) Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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van Amsterdam K, van Vliet AHM, Kusters JG, van der Ende A. Of microbe and man: determinants ofHelicobacter pylori-related diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006; 30:131-56. [PMID: 16438683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2005.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacterpylori infects the human gastric mucus layer of approximately half of the world's population. Colonization with this bacterium results in superficial gastritis without clinical symptoms, but can progress into gastric or duodenal ulcers, gastric malignancies and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphomas. Disease outcome is affected by a complex interplay between host, environmental and bacterial factors. Irrespective of disease outcome, the majority of H. pylori infected individuals remain colonized for life. Changing conditions in the human gastric mucosa may alter gene expression and/or result in the outgrowth of more fit H. pylori variants. As such, H. pylori is a highly flexible organism that is optimally adapted to its host. the heterogeneity in H. pylori populations make predictions on H. pylori-related pathogenesis difficult. In this review, we discuss host, environmental and bacterial factors that are important in disease progression. Moreover, H. pylori adaptive mechanisms, which allow its life-long survival and growth in the gastric mucosa are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van Amsterdam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Roussel Y, Wilks M, Harris A, Mein C, Tabaqchali S. Evaluation of DNA extraction methods from mouse stomachs for the quantification of H. pylori by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 62:71-81. [PMID: 15823395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time PCR methods have recently been developed for the quantification of Helicobacter pylori from infected mouse stomachs. However, the extent to which results is affected by the efficiency of different methods of DNA extraction and the degree of inhibition of the subsequent PCR have largely been ignored. In this study, mouse stomachs were processed using two homogenisation methods: complete disruption using a blender and homogenisation by vortexing with glass beads. Each procedure was followed by DNA purification by three different protocols-two commercially available kits-Qiagen DNA Mini Tissue kit and Qiagen Stool Kit and a phenol-chloroform extraction method. PCR inhibition was assessed by screening for mouse DNA and for H. pylori DNA after spiking stomach extracts with H. pylori 16S rDNA. PCR inhibition was found to be lower in DNA samples prepared by vortexing and processed by column kits. Validation of procedures was performed by quantification of H. pylori DNA and mouse DNA in infected mouse stomachs. Homogenisation with glass beads followed by the Qiagen Tissue kit was found to be the most suitable protocol combining high extraction and detection efficiency of 16S rDNA in the presence of a mouse DNA background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Roussel
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Barts and the London NHS Trust St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
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