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IL-33: A central cytokine in helminth infections. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101532. [PMID: 34823996 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 is an alarmin cytokine which has been implicated in allergy, fibrosis, inflammation, tumorigenesis, metabolism, and homeostasis. However, amongst its strongest roles are in helminth infections, where IL-33 usually (but not always) is central to induction of an effective anti-parasitic immune response. In this review, we will summarise the literature around this fascinating cytokine, its activity on immune and non-immune cells, the unique (and sometimes counterintuitive) responses it induces, and how it can coordinate the immune response during infections by parasitic helminths. Finally, we will summarise some of the ways that parasites have developed to modulate the IL-33 pathway for their own benefit.
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Oyesola OO, Tait Wojno ED. Prostaglandin regulation of type 2 inflammation: From basic biology to therapeutic interventions. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2399-2416. [PMID: 34396535 PMCID: PMC8843787 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is critical for the protective and repair responses that mediate resistance to parasitic helminth infection. This immune response also drives aberrant inflammation during atopic diseases. Prostaglandins are a class of critical lipid mediators that are released during type 2 inflammation and are integral in controlling the initiation, activation, maintenance, effector functions, and resolution of Type 2 inflammation. In this review, we explore the roles of the different prostaglandin family members and the receptors they bind to during allergen‐ and helminth‐induced Type 2 inflammation and the mechanism through which prostaglandins promote or suppress Type 2 inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of prostaglandins produced by helminth parasites in the regulation of host–pathogen interactions, and how prostaglandins may regulate the inverse relationship between helminth infection and allergy. Finally, we discuss opportunities to capitalize on our understanding of prostaglandin pathways to develop new therapeutic options for humans experiencing Type 2 inflammatory disorders that have a significant prostaglandin‐driven component including allergic rhinitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98117, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98117, USA
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Characterization of a novel glycosylated glutathione transferase of Onchocerca ochengi, closest relative of the human river blindness parasite. Parasitology 2019; 146:1773-1784. [PMID: 31190665 PMCID: PMC6939172 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Filarial nematodes possess glutathione transferases (GSTs), ubiquitous enzymes with the potential to detoxify xenobiotic and endogenous substrates, and modulate the host immune system, which may aid worm infection establishment, maintenance and survival in the host. Here we have identified and characterized a σ class glycosylated GST (OoGST1), from the cattle-infective filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi, which is homologous (99% amino acid identity) with an immunodominant GST and potential vaccine candidate from the human parasite, O. volvulus, (OvGST1b). Onchocerca ochengi native GSTs were purified using a two-step affinity chromatography approach, resolved by 2D and 1D SDS-PAGE and subjected to enzymic deglycosylation revealing the existence of at least four glycoforms. A combination of lectin-blotting and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses of the released N-glycans indicated that OoGST1 contained mainly oligomannose Man5GlcNAc2 structure, but also hybrid- and larger oligommanose-type glycans in a lower proportion. Furthermore, purified OoGST1 showed prostaglandin synthase activity as confirmed by Liquid Chromatography (LC)/MS following a coupled-enzyme assay. This is only the second reported and characterized glycosylated GST and our study highlights its potential role in host-parasite interactions and use in the study of human onchocerciasis.
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Kutyrev IA, Biserova NM, Olennikov DN, Korneva JV, Mazur OE. Prostaglandins E 2 and D 2 –regulators of host immunity in the model parasite Diphyllobothrium dendriticum : An immunocytochemical and biochemical study. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 212:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM. Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:33-40. [PMID: 27297184 PMCID: PMC5008435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites release a spectrum of mediators to dampen host immunity. Secreted proteins can act on host receptors and intracellular signalling. Parasites also produce exosome-like extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs. Exosomes can enter host cells and modulate host gene expression. Extracellular vesicles may be a more general mode of host-parasite interaction.
Helminths are metazoan organisms many of which have evolved parasitic life styles dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the host environment. Most notably, they down-regulate host immune responses to ensure their own survival, by exporting a range of immuno-modulatory mediators that interact with host cells and tissues. While a number of secreted immunoregulatory parasite proteins have been defined, new work also points to the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, that interact with and manipulate host gene expression. These recent results are discussed in the overall context of how helminths communicate effectively with the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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6
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Anti-inflammatory effects of diethylcarbamazine: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 734:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA. Localization of prostaglandin E2, γ-aminobutyric acid, and other potential immunomodulators in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda). BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mrljak V, Kučer N, Kuleš J, Tvarijonaviciute A, Brkljačić M, Crnogaj M, Zivičnjak T, Smit I, Ceron JJ, Rafaj RB. Serum concentrations of eicosanoids and lipids in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:24-30. [PMID: 24468427 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with world-wide significance caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia. The eicosanoids, as inflammatory mediators, are involved in the regulation of the immune response and inflammatory reaction. Metabolism of lipids is of great importance in babesiosis. In this study it was aimed to investigate the dynamics of serum concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), triglycerides, total cholesterol (Chol), HDL- and LDL-cholesterol in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis and healthy dogs. Both groups were measured for all parameters on the admission day and on the first, second and seventh day of the disease. Dogs that were included in this study had systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). It was demonstrated that the level of LTB4, PGE2, TxB2 in dogs naturally infected with B. canis significantly changed during the disease. The level of LTB4 was significantly higher during the study, while the concentration of PGE2 was significantly higher second, third and seventh day of disease in relation with healthy dogs. The level of TxB2 was significantly lower at the beginning of the disease, but after seven days concentration was significantly higher. Both group of patients with SIRS and MODS had significantly higher level of LTB4. Substained high concentrations of PGE2 were observed in dogs with MODS after therapy but not in dogs with SIRS, and LTB4 followed a similar tendency. On the other hand, increases in TxB2 were only significant in dogs with SIRS. The lipid profile in naturally infected dogs with B. canis infection was significantly changed. Further studies are needed to assess the prognostic values of lipid mediators in dogs with B. canis infection, and the ability of these markers to predict the progress of SIRS and MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nada Kučer
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mirna Brkljačić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Zivičnjak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Smit
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Renata Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Reinhardt S, Scott I, Simpson HV. Neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors in the excretory/secretory products of sheep abomasal nematode parasites: NCF and ECF in abomasal nematodes. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:627-35. [PMID: 21424403 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Both eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) activities were demonstrated in excretory/secretory (ES) products and homogenates of Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae and adult worms in a modified checkerboard assay using a micro-chemotaxis chamber. Neutrophil chemotaxis was seen in 28 of 35 experiments and eosinophil chemotaxis in 20 of 38 experiments. Chemokinetic activity for neutrophils and eosinophils (accounting for 40-50% of total cell migration) was also apparent in only three parasite products for each cell type. Significant NCF activity was present in six of seven adult worm ES products (three of four from T. circumcincta and in all three from H. contortus) and ECF activity in four of five adult ES products, whereas fewer L3 incubates, particularly of T. circumcincta, contained chemotactic activity. All parasite homogenates, with one exception for ECF, were chemotactic for both neutrophils and eosinophils. The sequential use of cellulose ultrafiltration membranes of decreasing pore size did not identify precisely the molecular weight of the NCF and ECF but indicated that the active chemicals were greater than 10 kDa and probably greater than 30 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reinhardt
- S. Reinhardt and B.Ullrich, Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis, Im Stocken 8A, 21255 Tostedt, Germany
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Singaravelu G, Singson A. New insights into the mechanism of fertilization in nematodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 289:211-38. [PMID: 21749902 PMCID: PMC3273857 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386039-2.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization results from the fusion of male and female gametes in all sexually reproducing organisms. Much of nematode fertility work was focused on Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum. The C. elegans hermaphrodite produces a limited number of sperm initially and then commits to the exclusive production of oocytes. The postmeiotic differentiation called spermiogenesis converts sessile spermatids into motile spermatozoa. The motility of spermatozoa depends on dynamic assembly and disassembly of a major sperm protein-based cytoskeleton uniquely found in nematodes. Both self-derived and male-derived spermatozoa are stored in spermatheca, the site of fertilization in hermaphrodites. The oocyte is arrested in meiotic prophase I until a sperm-derived signal relieves the inhibition allowing the meiotic maturation to occur. Oocyte undergoes meiotic maturation, enters into spermatheca, gets fertilized, completes meiosis, and exits into uterus as a zygote. This review focuses on our current understanding of the events around fertilization in nematodes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is timely because awareness of the burden of disease from onchodermatitis has increased significantly over recent years. Recent progress in the field is reviewed with emphasis on publications within the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Advances have been made in understanding immunopathogenesis and in diagnosis and treatment. The World Bank/WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), which uses annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) via the Mectizan Donation Programme, now covers 19 African countries. Development of ivermectin resistance is a concern. Unlike ivermectin, which is a microfilaricide, doxycycline, which targets Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria, sterilizes adult female worms and has a macrofilaricidal effect. Moxidectin, which sterilizes or kills adult worms has started a phase III trial with ivermectin. Additional primary healthcare interventions have been successfully integrated with CTDI. In Latin America, transmission has been interrupted in half of the original endemic foci and Colombia is the first nation to have achieved countrywide interruption of transmission. The first report of elimination using ivermectin in an African setting is a milestone. Two African foci using vector control plus CDTI have reported vector elimination. SUMMARY Results of the longer-term impact of large-scale ivermectin distribution by the APOC are awaited. Research is needed into new drug targets within Wolbachia's metabolic pathways. Elimination of transmission of disease is on the horizon but more research is needed on when and where ivermectin treatment can be stopped.
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Immunohistological studies on neoplasms of female and male Onchocerca volvulus: filarial origin and absence of Wolbachia from tumor cells. Parasitology 2010; 137:841-54. [PMID: 20199697 PMCID: PMC2925449 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009992010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Up to 5% of untreated female Onchocerca volvulus filariae develop potentially fatal pleomorphic neoplasms, whose incidence is increased following ivermectin treatment. We studied the occurrence of 8 filarial proteins and of Wolbachia endobacteria in the tumor cells. Onchocercomas from patients, untreated and treated with antibiotics and anthelminthics, were examined by immunohistology. Neoplasms were diagnosed in 112 of 3587 female and in 2 of 1570 male O. volvulus. The following proteins and other compounds of O. volvulus were expressed in the cells of the neoplasms: glutathione S-transferase 1, lysosomal aspartic protease, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, alpha-enolase, aspartate aminotransferase, ankyrin E1, tropomyosin, heat shock protein 60, transforming growth factor-beta, and prostaglandin E2. These findings prove the filarial origin of the neoplasms and confirm the pleomorphism of the tumor cells. Signs indicating malignancy of the neoplasms are described. Wolbachia were observed in the hypodermis, oocytes, and embryos of tumor-harbouring filariae using antibodies against Wolbachia surface protein, Wolbachia HtrA-type serine protease, and Wolbachia aspartate aminotransferase. In contrast, Wolbachia were not found in the cells of the neoplasms. Further, neoplasm-containing worms were not observed after more than 10 months after the start of sufficient treatment with doxycycline or doxycycline plus ivermectin.
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Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Velasco S, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. Adult Dirofilaria immitis excretory/secretory antigens upregulate the production of prostaglandin E2 and downregulate monocyte transmigration in an "in vitro" model of vascular endothelial cell cultures. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:331-5. [PMID: 20338689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. Adult worms live in the pulmonary arteries of infected immunocompetent hosts for years. The aim of the present study is the identification of the influence of the metabolic products (excretory/secretory antigens, DiE/S) of D. immitis on the vascular endothelial cells, because the vascular endothelium interplays in a direct manner with the parasite and their products. For this purpose, HAAE-1 vascular endothelial cells were treated with DiE/S, using non-treated cultures as negative controls. Significant increases in the COX-2, 5-LO expression and PGE(2) level were detected in the treated cells compared with the control cells. Moreover, DiE/S decreases monocyte transmigrations across vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Treatment with DiE/S does not have a cytotoxic effect and do not alter apoptosis, necrosis or cell cycle of vascular endothelial cells. These results suggest that the DiE/S stimulates the production of mediators and mechanisms that favor the survival of the parasite, in vascular endothelial cells, contributing to restrict vascular and lung damages in the infected host, without altering the basic physiologic processes of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morchón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. del Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Brattig NW, Schwohl A, Hoerauf A, Büttner DW. Identification of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 in tissue immune cells of humans infected with the filaria Onchocerca volvulus. Acta Trop 2009; 112:231-5. [PMID: 19646411 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins generated by multiple tissue and immune cells exhibit regulatory effects on the vascular and immune systems. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), in particular, affects innate as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. We identified PGE(2) in host immune cells adjacent to Onchocerca volvulus in subcutaneous onchocercomas and the affected skin. Using immunohistology, PGE(2) was predominantly detected in infiltrating macrophages but also in plasma cells. Consecutive sections revealed concomitant presence of PGE(2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), representing a second immunoregulative mediator in macrophages and plasma cells. TGF-beta was preferentially observed in the infiltrating macrophages in patients with a generalized hyporeactive onchocerciasis and less in patients with the hyperreactive form. The presence of PGE(2) and TGF-beta in adjoining host cells infiltrating in the onchocercoma and dermis may indicate containment of inflammatory responses that could favour survival of the filarial parasite.
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Rathaur S, Singh A, Yadav M, Rai R. Evidence for the presence of prostaglandin H synthase like enzyme in female Setaria cervi and its inhibition by diethylcarbamazine. Acta Trop 2009; 111:71-7. [PMID: 19426666 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has shown that Setaria cervi a bovine filarial parasite contains significant amount of prostaglandin H synthase like activity in the somatic extract of its different life stages. A protein with characteristics of prostaglandin H synthase was purified to homogeneity from female somatic extract using a combination of affinity and gel filtration chromatography. Molecular weight of purified enzyme was 70kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Purified enzyme showed high activity with arachidonic acid and TMPD substrates suggests the presence of both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activity in enzyme. Fluorescence spectroscopy and hemin-associated peroxidase activity confirmed presence of heme in purified enzyme. The K(m) and V(max) values using arachidonic acid were determined to be 79+/-1.5microM and 0.165+/-0.2U/ml, respectively. Further, indomethacin and aspirin, specific inhibitors for PGHS, significantly inhibited the enzyme activity. Diethylcarbamazine, an antifilarial drug inhibited the microfilarial PGHS like activity as well as their motility. Here we are reporting for the first time PGHS like activity in filarial parasite and its inhibition with DEC which provide that this enzyme could be used as a drug target.
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The nematode parasite Onchocerca volvulus generates the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Parasitol Res 2009; 105:731-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Simón F, Morchón R, Rodríguez-Barbero A, López-Belmonte J, Grandi G, Genchi C. Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia-derived antigens: its effect on endothelial mammal cells. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:223-31. [PMID: 18922634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antigens of both Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia symbiont bacteria are implicated in the inflammatory pathology of heartworm infection. The aim of the present study was to compare the stimulatory capacity of in vitro cultures of vascular endothelial cells by the adult somatic antigens of D. immitis (DiSA) and the recombinant form of the Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP), during the first 24h of stimulation. Our results indicate a different stimulatory activity of the two antigens. Both the DiSA and rWSP stimulate the production of the enzymes responsible of the arachidonic acid metabolism, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and leukotriene B4. Only DiSA stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2. Related to the adhesion molecules, the DiSA stimulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), whereas rWSP stimulates ICAM-1, PECAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of E-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor also were stimulated by rWSP. Neither of the two antigens altered the basic physiological mechanisms of endothelial cells, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, or apoptosis. The biological and pathological significance of these finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. del Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Morchón R, Roca F, López-Belmonte J, Genchi M, Venco L, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. Changes in the levels of eicosanoids in cats naturally and experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:271-5. [PMID: 17544219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection is a severe, life-threatening disease. The eicosanoids are lipid mediators derived from the metabolism of the arachidonic acid, involved in the regulation of the immune response and of inflammatory reactions. In this study, naturally infected cats showed significant higher levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE2), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB4) than uninfected cats. Changes in the levels of eicosanoids during the infection were observed in experimentally infected cats. PGE2 increased significantly during the first 60 days post-infection, then progressively decreased until day 180 post-infection. At this time, PGE2 values are still significantly higher than those observed before the infection. TxB2 and LTB4 increased progressively from the beginning of infection and reached their maximum levels 180 days post-infection. In experimentally infected, ivermectin-treated cats, 15 days after treatment (45 days after infection) both PGE2 and LTB4 levels were similar to those observed in experimentally infected, untreated cats. No significant differences of PGE2 levels were found before the infection and at the end of the experiment (165 days post-treatment, 195 days post-infection). Increased levels of LTB4 were found 15 days post-treatment, afterward they progressively decreased. These data show that D. immitis infection influences the production of intravascular eicosanoids in cats. The high levels of PGE2 observed in the early phase of infection could be related to the survival of the worms, while those of TxB2 and LTB4 detected at the end of the study could mediate the inflammatory reactions and thrombi formation during the feline dirofilariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morchón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Morchón R, López-Belmonte J, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. High levels of serum thromboxane B2 are generated during human pulmonary dirofilariosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1175-6. [PMID: 17028222 PMCID: PMC1595314 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00197-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The canine parasite Dirofilaria immitis can infect humans. Patients with pulmonary dirofilariosis develop significantly higher thromboxane B2 levels than healthy individuals living in areas where dirofilariosis is endemic and in areas where dirofilariosis is not endemic. The possible role of Wolbachia bacteria in the appearance of this eicosanoid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morchón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Campo Charro s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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