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Li PH, He JY, Cai YJ, Wei YS, Zhu XL, Yang JDH, Yang SQ, Zhou S, Qin QW, Sun HY. Molecular cloning, inducible expression and function analysis of Epinephelus coioides Sec6 response to SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:462-471. [PMID: 35483595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exocyst complex component 3 Sec6 of mammals, one of the components of the exocyst complex, participates in numerous cellular functions, such as promoting cell migration and inhibiting apoptosis. In this study, the Sec6 was obtained from Epinephelus coioides, an economically important cultured fish. The full length of E. coioides Sec6 was 2655 bp including a 245 bp 5' UTR, a 154 bp 3' UTR, and a 2256 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 751 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 86.76 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.57. Sec6 mRNA was detected in all the tissues examined, but the expression level is different in these tissues. Using fluorescence microscopy, Sec6 were distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. After SGIV infection, the expression of E. coioides Sec6 was significantly up-regulated in both trunk kidney and spleen response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), an important pathogens of E. coioides. Sec6 could increase the SGIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE), the expression of the SGIV genes VP19, LITAF, MCP, ICP18 and MCP, and the viral titers. Besides, E. coioides Sec6 significantly downregulated the promoter of NF-κB and AP-1, and inhibited the SGIV-induced apoptosis. The results demonstrated that E. coioides Sec6 might play important roles in SGIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hong Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yi-Jie Cai
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yu-Si Wei
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xiang-Long Zhu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jia-Deng-Hui Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Shi-Qi Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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Ratanakomol T, Roytrakul S, Wikan N, Smith DR. Berberine Inhibits Dengue Virus through Dual Mechanisms. Molecules 2021; 26:5501. [PMID: 34576974 PMCID: PMC8470584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito transmitted viruses, particularly those of the genus Flavivirus, are a significant healthcare burden worldwide, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas. However, effective medicines for these viral infections remains lacking. Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid found in some plants used in traditional medicines in Southeast Asia and elsewhere, and BBR has been shown to possess anti-viral activities. During a screen for potential application to mosquito transmitted viruses, BBR was shown to have virucidal activity against dengue virus (DENV; IC50 42.87 µM) as well as against Zika virus (IC50 11.42 µM) and chikungunya virus (IC50 14.21 µM). BBR was shown to have cellular effects that lead to an increase in cellular DENV E protein without a concomitant effect on DENV nonstructural proteins, suggesting an effect on viral particle formation or egress. While BBR was shown to have an effect of ERK1/2 activation this did not result in defects in viral egress mechanisms. The primary effect of BBR on viral production was likely to be through BBR acting through AMPK activation and disruption of lipid metabolism. Combined these results suggest that BBR has a dual effect on DENV infection, and BBR may have the potential for development as an anti-DENV antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Rangsit 12120, Thailand;
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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Phosphoproteomic analysis of dengue virus infected U937 cells and identification of pyruvate kinase M2 as a differentially phosphorylated phosphoprotein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14493. [PMID: 32879337 PMCID: PMC7467932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arthropod-borne Flavivirus that can cause a range of symptomatic disease in humans. There are four dengue viruses (DENV 1 to 4) and infection with one DENV only provides transient protection against a heterotypic virus. Second infections are often more severe as the disease is potentiated by antibodies from the first infection through a process known as antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. Phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification that can have marked effects on a number of processes. To date there has been little information on the phosphorylation changes induced by DENV infection. This study aimed to determine global phosphoproteome changes induced by DENV 2 in U937 cells infected under an ADE protocol. A 2-dimensional electrophoretic approach coupled with a phosphoprotein-specific dye and mass spectroscopic analysis identified 15 statistically significant differentially phosphorylated proteins upon DENV 2 infection. One protein identified as significantly differentially phosphorylated, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was validated. Treatment with a PKM2 inhibitor modestly reduced levels of infection and viral output, but no change was seen in cellular viral protein levels, suggesting that PKM2 acts on exocytic virus release. While the effect of inhibition of PKM2 was relatively modest, the results highlight the need for a greater understanding of the role of phosphoproteins in DENV infection.
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Suppression of µ1 subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 reduces dengue virus release. Virus Genes 2019; 56:27-36. [PMID: 31720911 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis for its entry into the cells where the adaptor protein complex (AP) is vital for the clathrin-coated vesicle formation. The role of AP-2 was previously examined in the early stages of DENV infection; however, the role of AP-2 in the late stage of DENV infection was not determined. The µ1 subunit of AP-2 (AP2M1) is one of the most important cytoplasmic carrier domains in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the phosphorylation of this subunit by the kinase enzyme, AP-2 associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1), stimulates clathrin and supports the cell surface receptor incorporation. In the present study, we primarily aimed to investigate the role of AP2M1 by gene silencing approach as well as using naked DENV RNA transfection into AP2M1 knockdown cells. Secondarily, an inhibitor of AAK1, sunitinib was used to investigate whether AAK1 could influence the virus production in DENV-infected Huh7 cells. The knockdown of AP2M1 in the DENV-infected Huh7 cells displayed a reduction in the viral titer at 24 h post-infection. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to bypass the DENV internalization using a naked DENV RNA transfection into the AP2M1 knockdown cells. Higher intracellular DENV RNA, DENV E protein, and intracellular virion were observed, whereas the extracellular virion production was comparably less than that of control. Treatment with sunitinib in DENV-infected Huh7 cells was able to reduce extracellular virion production and was consistent with all four serotypes of DENV. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the role of AP2M1 in the exocytosis step of DENV replication leading to infectious DENV production and the efficacy of sunitinib in suppressing virus production during the infection with different serotypes of DENV.
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Sager G, Gabaglio S, Sztul E, Belov GA. Role of Host Cell Secretory Machinery in Zika Virus Life Cycle. Viruses 2018; 10:E559. [PMID: 30326556 PMCID: PMC6213159 DOI: 10.3390/v10100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high human cost of Zika virus infections and the rapid establishment of virus circulation in novel areas, including the United States, present an urgent need for countermeasures against this emerging threat. The development of an effective vaccine against Zika virus may be problematic because of the cross reactivity of the antibodies with other flaviviruses leading to antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Moreover, rapidly replicating positive strand RNA viruses, including Zika virus, generate large spectrum of mutant genomes (quasi species) every replication round, allowing rapid selection of variants resistant to drugs targeting virus-specific proteins. On the other hand, viruses are ultimate cellular parasites and rely on the host metabolism for every step of their life cycle, thus presenting an opportunity to manipulate host processes as an alternative approach to suppress virus replication and spread. Zika and other flaviviruses critically depend on the cellular secretory pathway, which transfers proteins and membranes from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane, for virion assembly, maturation and release. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of interactions of Zika and similar arthropod-borne flaviviruses with the cellular secretory machinery with a special emphasis on virus-specific changes of the secretory pathway. Identification of the regulatory networks and effector proteins required to accommodate the trafficking of virions, which represent a highly unusual cargo for the secretory pathway, may open an attractive and virtually untapped reservoir of alternative targets for the development of superior anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Sager
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, UK.
| | - Samuel Gabaglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, UK.
| | - George A Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Tanaka T, Goto K, Iino M. Diverse Functions and Signal Transduction of the Exocyst Complex in Tumor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:939-957. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
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Karyala P, Metri R, Bathula C, Yelamanchi SK, Sahoo L, Arjunan S, Sastri NP, Chandra N. DenHunt - A Comprehensive Database of the Intricate Network of Dengue-Human Interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004965. [PMID: 27618709 PMCID: PMC5019383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a human pathogen and its etiology has been widely established. There are many interactions between DENV and human proteins that have been reported in literature. However, no publicly accessible resource for efficiently retrieving the information is yet available. In this study, we mined all publicly available dengue-human interactions that have been reported in the literature into a database called DenHunt. We retrieved 682 direct interactions of human proteins with dengue viral components, 382 indirect interactions and 4120 differentially expressed human genes in dengue infected cell lines and patients. We have illustrated the importance of DenHunt by mapping the dengue-human interactions on to the host interactome and observed that the virus targets multiple host functional complexes of important cellular processes such as metabolism, immune system and signaling pathways suggesting a potential role of these interactions in viral pathogenesis. We also observed that 7 percent of the dengue virus interacting human proteins are also associated with other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Finally, the understanding that comes from such analyses could be used to design better strategies to counteract the diseases caused by dengue virus. The whole dataset has been catalogued in a searchable database, called DenHunt (http://proline.biochem.iisc.ernet.in/DenHunt/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Karyala
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Research and Post Graduate Studies, Indian Academy Degree College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rahul Metri
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Christopher Bathula
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Research and Post Graduate Studies, Indian Academy Degree College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Syam K. Yelamanchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Research and Post Graduate Studies, Indian Academy Degree College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Lipika Sahoo
- LifeIntelect Consultancy Pvt Ltd, Marathahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Selvam Arjunan
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Research and Post Graduate Studies, Indian Academy Degree College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narayan P. Sastri
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Choy MM, Zhang SL, Costa VV, Tan HC, Horrevorts S, Ooi EE. Proteasome Inhibition Suppresses Dengue Virus Egress in Antibody Dependent Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004058. [PMID: 26565697 PMCID: PMC4643959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) is a cause of significant global health burden, with an estimated 390 million infections occurring annually. However, no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for dengue is available. DENV interacts with host cell factors to complete its life cycle although this virus-host interplay remains to be fully elucidated. Many studies have identified the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) to be important for successful DENV production, but how the UPP contributes to DENV life cycle as host factors remains ill defined. We show here that proteasome inhibition decouples infectious virus production from viral RNA replication in antibody-dependent infection of THP-1 cells. Molecular and imaging analyses in β-lactone treated THP-1 cells suggest that proteasome function does not prevent virus assembly but rather DENV egress. Intriguingly, the licensed proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, is able to inhibit DENV titers at low nanomolar drug concentrations for different strains of all four serotypes of DENV in primary monocytes. Furthermore, bortezomib treatment of DENV-infected mice inhibited the spread of DENV in the spleen as well as the overall pathological changes. Our findings suggest that preventing DENV egress through proteasome inhibition could be a suitable therapeutic strategy against dengue. The lack of either licensed vaccine or antiviral drug has resulted in approximately 400 million dengue infections annually. A possible rapid approach to a specific therapeutic for dengue is to use a licensed inhibitor of a host factor critically required by dengue virus (DENV) to complete its life cycle. One such set of factors is in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP). Despite the availability of licensed proteasome inhibitors, these studies have not led to any clinical translation, because the mechanism of action of this pathway on the virus life cycle is uncertain. We demonstrate that the UPP is critical for DENV egress after replication in human target cells. Intriguingly, treatment with the licensed proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, inhibited the overall pathological changes in wild-type mice. Altogether, our study provides new insights into the role a functional UPP plays in DENV infection and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy against dengue by repurposing a licensed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly M. Choy
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Summer L. Zhang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie Horrevorts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an emerging mosquito-borne human pathogen that affects millions of individuals each year by causing severe and potentially fatal syndromes. Despite intense research efforts, no approved vaccine or antiviral therapy is yet available. Overcoming this limitation requires detailed understanding of the intimate relationship between the virus and its host cell, providing the basis to devise optimal prophylactic and therapeutic treatment options. With the advent of novel high-throughput technologies including functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics, new important insights into the DENV replication cycle and the interaction of this virus with its host cell have been obtained. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current status of the DENV research field, covering every step of the viral replication cycle with a particular focus on virus-host cell interaction. We will also review specific chemical inhibitors targeting cellular factors and processes of relevance for the DENV replication cycle and their possible exploitation for the development of next generation antivirals.
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Burlaud-Gaillard J, Sellin C, Georgeault S, Uzbekov R, Lebos C, Guillaume JM, Roingeard P. Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy reveals that a chimeric flavivirus is released as individual particles in secretory vesicles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93573. [PMID: 24681578 PMCID: PMC3969332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular morphogenesis of flaviviruses has been well described, but flavivirus release from the host cell remains poorly documented. We took advantage of the optimized production of an attenuated chimeric yellow fever/dengue virus for vaccine purposes to study this phenomenon by microscopic approaches. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the release of numerous viral particles at the cell surface through a short-lived process. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the intracellular ultrastructure of the small number of cells releasing viral particles at a given time, we developed a new correlative microscopy method: CSEMTEM (for correlative scanning electron microscopy - transmission electron microscopy). CSEMTEM analysis suggested that chimeric flavivirus particles were released as individual particles, in small exocytosis vesicles, via a regulated secretory pathway. Our morphological findings provide new insight into interactions between flaviviruses and cells and demonstrate that CSEMTEM is a useful new method, complementary to SEM observations of biological events by intracellular TEM investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Caroline Sellin
- Département Bioprocess, Upstream Platform, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Claude Lebos
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guillaume
- Département Bioprocess, Upstream Platform, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- INSERM U966, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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