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Langston H, Fortes Francisco A, Doidge C, Roberts CH, Khan AA, Jayawardhana S, Taylor MC, Kelly JM, Lewis MD. Dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in hamsters and novel association with progressive motor dysfunction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012278. [PMID: 38905323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Clinical outcomes range from long-term asymptomatic carriage to cardiac, digestive, neurological and composite presentations that can be fatal in both acute and chronic stages of the disease. Studies of T. cruzi in animal models, principally mice, have informed our understanding of the biological basis of this variability and its relationship to infection and host response dynamics. Hamsters have higher translational value for many human infectious diseases, but they have not been well developed as models of Chagas disease. We transposed a real-time bioluminescence imaging system for T. cruzi infection from mice into female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). This enabled us to study chronic tissue pathology in the context of spatiotemporal infection dynamics. Acute infections were widely disseminated, whereas chronic infections were almost entirely restricted to the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Neither cardiac nor digestive tract disease were reproducible features of the model. Skeletal muscle had only sporadic parasitism in the chronic phase, but nevertheless displayed significant inflammation and fibrosis, features also seen in mouse models. Whereas mice had normal locomotion, all chronically infected hamsters developed hindlimb muscle hypertonia and a gait dysfunction resembling spastic diplegia. With further development, this model may therefore prove valuable in studies of peripheral nervous system involvement in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Langston
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Doidge
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Archie A Khan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiromani Jayawardhana
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Valera IC, Wacker AL, Hwang HS, Holmes C, Laitano O, Landstrom AP, Parvatiyar MS. Essential roles of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in different cardiac pathologies. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:52-71. [PMID: 33387942 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), situated at the sarcolemma dynamically remodels during cardiac disease. This review examines DGC remodeling as a common denominator in diseases affecting heart function and health. Dystrophin and the DGC serve as broad cytoskeletal integrators that are critical for maintaining stability of muscle membranes. The presence of pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins of the DGC can cause absence of the protein and/or alterations in other complex members leading to muscular dystrophies. Targeted studies have allowed the individual functions of affected proteins to be defined. The DGC has demonstrated its dynamic function, remodeling under a number of conditions that stress the heart. Beyond genetic causes, pathogenic processes also impinge on the DGC, causing alterations in the abundance of dystrophin and associated proteins during cardiac insult such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, mechanical unloading, and myocarditis. When considering new therapeutic strategies, it is important to assess DGC remodeling as a common factor in various heart diseases. The DGC connects the internal F-actin-based cytoskeleton to laminin-211 of the extracellular space, playing an important role in the transmission of mechanical force to the extracellular matrix. The essential functions of dystrophin and the DGC have been long recognized. DGC based therapeutic approaches have been primarily focused on muscular dystrophies, however it may be a beneficial target in a number of disorders that affect the heart. This review provides an account of what we now know, and discusses how this knowledge can benefit persistent health conditions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela C Valera
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Amanda L Wacker
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christina Holmes
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Mendonça AAS, Coelho CM, Veloso MP, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Novaes RD. Relevance of Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors on Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and In Silico Integrated Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8676578. [PMID: 30473742 PMCID: PMC6220389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8676578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rudimentary antioxidant defenses in Trypanosoma cruzi, disruptors of redox balance are promising candidates for new antitrypanosomal drugs. We developed an integrated model based on systematic review, meta-analyses, and molecular modeling to evaluate the effect of trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors in T. cruzi infections. Our findings indicated that the TR inhibitors analyzed were effective in reducing parasitemia and mortality due to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in animal models. The most investigated drugs (clomipramine and thioridazine) showed no beneficial effects on the occurrence of infection-related electrocardiographic abnormalities or the affinity and density of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors. The affinity between the tested ligands and the active site of TR was confirmed by molecular docking. However, the molecular affinity score was unable to explain TR inhibition and T. cruzi death in vitro or the antiparasitic potential of these drugs when tested in preclinical models of T. cruzi infection. The divergence of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings indicated that the anti-T. cruzi effects of the analyzed drugs were not restricted to TR inhibition. As in vivo studies on TR inhibitors are still scarce and exhibit methodological limitations, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Aparecida Santos Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Morais Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcia Paranho Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Prado FP, dos Santos DO, Blefari V, Silva CA, Machado J, Kettelhut IDC, Ramos SG, Baruffi MD, Salgado HC, Prado CM. Early dystrophin loss is coincident with the transition of compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189469. [PMID: 29267303 PMCID: PMC5739420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension causes cardiac hypertrophy, one of the most important risk factors for heart failure (HF). Despite the importance of cardiac hypertrophy as a risk factor for the development of HF, not all hypertrophied hearts will ultimately fail. Alterations of cytoskeletal and sarcolemma-associated proteins are considered markers cardiac remodeling during HF. Dystrophin provides mechanical stability to the plasma membrane through its interactions with the actin cytoskeleton and, indirectly, to extracellular matrix proteins. This study was undertaken to evaluate dystrophin and calpain-1 in the transition from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to HF. Wistar rats were subjected to abdominal aorta constriction and killed at 30, 60 and 90 days post surgery (dps). Cardiac function and blood pressure were evaluated. The hearts were collected and Western blotting and immunofluorescence performed for dystrophin, calpain-1, alpha-fodrin and calpastatin. Statistical analyses were performed and considered significant when p<0.05. After 90 dps, 70% of the animals showed hypertrophic hearts (HH) and 30% hypertrophic+dilated hearts (HD). Systolic and diastolic functions were preserved at 30 and 60 dps, however, decreased in the HD group. Blood pressure, cardiomyocyte diameter and collagen content were increased at all time points. Dystrophin expression was lightly increased at 30 and 60 dps and HH group. HD group showed decreased expression of dystrophin and calpastatin and increased expression of calpain-1 and alpha-fodrin fragments. The first signals of dystrophin reduction were observed as early as 60 dps. In conclusion, some hearts present a distinct molecular pattern at an early stage of the disease; this pattern could provide an opportunity to identify these failure-prone hearts during the development of the cardiac disease. We showed that decreased expression of dystrophin and increased expression of calpains are coincident and could work as possible therapeutic targets to prevent heart failure as a consequence of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P. Prado
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele O. dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdecir Blefari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Silva
- Department of Phisiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone G. Ramos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio C. Salgado
- Department of Phisiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele M. Prado
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Romano MMD, Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA. Imaging Diagnosis of Right Ventricle Involvement in Chagas Cardiomyopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3820191. [PMID: 28929112 PMCID: PMC5592008 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3820191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricle (RV) is considered a neglected chamber in cardiology and knowledge about its role in cardiac function was mostly focused on ventricular interdependence. However, progress on the understanding of myocardium diseases primarily involving the RV led to a better comprehension of its role in health and disease. In Chagas disease (CD), there is direct evidence from both basic and clinical research of profound structural RV abnormalities. However, clinical detection of these abnormalities is hindered by technical limitations of imaging diagnostic tools. Echocardiography has been a widespread and low-cost option for the study of patients with CD but, when applied to the RV assessment, faces difficulties such as the absence of a geometrical shape to represent this cavity. More recently, the technique has evolved to a focused guided RV imaging and myocardial deformation analysis. Also, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been introduced as a gold standard method to evaluate RV cavity volumes. CMR advantages include precise quantitative analyses of both LV and RV volumes and its ability to perform myocardium tissue characterization to identify areas of scar and edema. Evolution of these cardiac diagnostic techniques opened a new path to explore the pathophysiology of RV dysfunction in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. D. Romano
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique T. Moreira
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - André Schmidt
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Dantrolene improves in vitro structural changes induced by serum from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:429-433. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cruz JS, Santos-Miranda A, Sales-Junior PA, Monti-Rocha R, Campos PP, Machado FS, Roman-Campos D. Altered Cardiomyocyte Function and Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence in Chagas Disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1028-33. [PMID: 26976879 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the triatominae Trypanosoma cruzi, is one of the leading causes of heart malfunctioning in Latin America. The cardiac phenotype is observed in 20-30% of infected people 10-40 years after their primary infection. The cardiac complications during Chagas disease range from cardiac arrhythmias to heart failure, with important involvement of the right ventricle. Interestingly, no studies have evaluated the electrical properties of right ventricle myocytes during Chagas disease and correlated them to parasite persistence. Taking advantage of a murine model of Chagas disease, we studied the histological and electrical properties of right ventricle in acute (30 days postinfection [dpi]) and chronic phases (90 dpi) of infected mice with the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and their correlation to parasite persistence. We observed an increase in collagen deposition and inflammatory infiltrate at both 30 and 90 dpi. Furthermore, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we detected parasites at 90 dpi in right and left ventricles. In addition, we observed action potential prolongation and reduced transient outward K(+) current and L-type Ca(2+) current at 30 and 90 dpi. Taking together, our results demonstrate that T. cruzi infection leads to important modifications in electrical properties associated with inflammatory infiltrate and parasite persistence in mice right ventricle, suggesting a causal role between inflammation, parasite persistence, and altered cardiomyocyte function in Chagas disease. Thus, arrhythmias observed in Chagas disease may be partially related to altered electrical function in right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jader Santos Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Santos-Miranda
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales-Junior
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Monti-Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Peixoto Campos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Roman-Campos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nosanchuk JD, Nosanchuk MD, Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, de Carvalho ACC, Weiss LM, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB. The Einstein-Brazil Fogarty: A decade of synergy. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:945-55. [PMID: 26691452 PMCID: PMC4704644 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rich, collaborative program funded by the US NIH Fogarty program in 2004 has provided for a decade of remarkable opportunities for scientific advancement through the training of Brazilian undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from the Federal University and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation systems at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The focus of the program has been on the development of trainees in the broad field of Infectious Diseases, with a particular focus on diseases of importance to the Brazilian population. Talented trainees from various regions in Brazil came to Einstein to learn techniques and study fungal, parasitic and bacterial pathogens. In total, 43 trainees enthusiastically participated in the program. In addition to laboratory work, these students took a variety of courses at Einstein, presented their results at local, national and international meetings, and productively published their findings. This program has led to a remarkable synergy of scientific discovery for the participants during a time of rapid acceleration of the scientific growth in Brazil. This collaboration between Brazilian and US scientists has benefitted both countries and serves as a model for future training programs between these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Send correspondence to J.D. Nosanchuk. Departments of Medicine,
Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA.
E-mail:
| | - Murphy D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - David C. Spray
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
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Malvestio LM, Celes MR, Milanezi C, Silva JS, Jelicks LA, Tanowitz HB, Rossi MA, Prado CM. Role of dystrophin in acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:768-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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