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Kozakai M, Matsumoto M, Takakura A, Furuta RA, Matsubayashi K, Goto N, Satake M. Two cases of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis infection transmitted through transfusion of platelet concentrate derived from separate blood donations by the same donor. Vox Sang 2023. [PMID: 37191237 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) in Japan have been largely prevented due to a short shelf life of 3.5 days after blood collection for platelet concentrate (PC) and washed PCs (WPCs; PC in which 95% plasma is replaced by platelet additive solution). CASE PRESENTATION Case 1: In January 2018, a woman in her 50s with aplastic anaemia who received WPC transfusion and developed a fever the next day and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) was detected in the residual WPC. Case 2: In May 2018, a man in his 60s with a haematologic malignancy who received PC transfusion and developed chills during the transfusion. SDSE was detected in the patient's blood and residual PC. The contaminated platelet products were both manufactured from blood donated by the same donor. The multi-locus sequencing typing revealed that SDSE detected in case 1 was identical to that from case 2; however, whole blood subsequently obtained from the donor was culture negative. CONCLUSION WPC and PC produced from two blood donated 106 days apart by the same donor were contaminated with SDSE of the same strain and both caused TTBIs. Safety measures should be considered regarding blood collection from a donor with a history of bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Kozakai
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takakura
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika A Furuta
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoko Goto
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Blood Service Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Japanese Red Cross Society, Blood Service Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
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Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Significance and Phytotherapy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182443. [PMID: 36139303 PMCID: PMC9495100 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Streptococcosis is an economical important bacterial disease that can seriously cause huge losses in the global aquaculture sector. In recent years studies have focused on to use extracts or essences of medicinal herbs and plants to control or treat the disease outbreaks and, in most cases the results were promising. The essential oils of the herbs or plants are more effective than the extracts and, the extracts examined have moderate efficacy in term of increasing fish survival against fish streptococcosis that could be due to the enhancement of fish immunity by the herb bio-compounds. The lack of dosage optimization, toxicity and bioavailability assays of a specific herb/plant or its bioactive compound in fish organs make it difficult to judge the validation of clinical efficacy of a particular herb/plant against fish streptococcosis, and thus, required further investigations. Abstract Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development. Despite a wide spread of the disease in aquaculture, few studies have been directed at assessing the in vitro antagonistic activity and in vivo efficacy of medicinal herbs and other plants against streptococcal agents. Most in vitro studies of plant extractives against S. iniae and S. agalactiae have found antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those containing eugenol, carvacrol or thymol, are more effective. Although essential oils have shown better anti-streptococcal activity in in vitro assays, in vivo bioassays require more attention. The extracts examined under in vivo conditions show moderate efficacy, increasing the survival rate of infected fish, probably through the enhancement of immunity before challenge bioassays. The available data, however, lack dosage optimization, toxicity and bioavailability assays of a specific plant or its bioactive compound in fish organs; hence, it is difficult to judge the validation of clinical efficacy for the prevention or treatment of fish streptococcosis. Despite the known bioactive compounds of many tested plants, few data are available on their mode of action towards streptococcal agents. This review addresses the efficacy of medicinal plants to fish streptococcosis and discusses the current gaps.
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Progressive Lameness of a Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Associated with a Retroperitoneal Abscess and Thrombus Caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141784. [PMID: 35883332 PMCID: PMC9311503 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Movement disorders can have different origins and certain causes require a particular intervention management. In rhinoceroses, lesions affecting the extremities per se are typical causes. A 3-year-old, male Greater one-horned rhinoceros born in captivity developed progressive lameness, ataxia with dragging of its right, hind hoof. Prior, the animal was housed together with his dam, which was repeatedly aggressive against her offspring. Despite therapy, the symptoms aggravated and the animal died spontaneously. At necropsy, a large abscess in the abdomen under the spine and a thrombus of the artery of the right hind limb were diagnosed as the cause of lameness. The pyogenic bacterium Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis was isolated from the abscess and from mucous membranes of the healthy mother. Such an unusual origin for lameness should be considered in rhinoceroses in the future. Abstract In rhinoceroses, lameness is an occasionally seen symptom primarily caused by lesions affecting the feet and interdigital space. A 3-year-old male Greater one-horned rhinoceros developed a progressive, severe movement disorder of the right hind limb with subsequent death. The pathological analysis diagnosed a severe, retroperitoneal abscess and chronic thrombosis of the right iliac artery. Streptococci detected in the abscess were further identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis by culture and molecular techniques. The identical isolate was also identified in a vaginal swab of the dam. The list of differential diagnoses for lameness in rhinoceroses must be expanded by processes affecting other than the extremities per se.
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Kakuta R, Shimizu T, Goto H, Endo S, Kanamori H, Ohta N, Nakano R, Yano H, Katori Y, Kaku M. Abdominal Aortic Graft Infection Caused by stG485.0, ST29 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:65-67. [PMID: 31564693 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) infections has increased gradually throughout the world, including Japan. Here, we report the case of an abdominal aortic graft infection caused by stG485.0, ST29 SDSE in an elderly patient with diabetes. The patient was an 86-year-old man who had undergone surgery 10 years ago for treating a non-infected abdominal aortic aneurysm using a bifurcated graft. He was referred to our hospital after being suspected of having an abdominal aortic graft infection based on computed tomography (CT) scans. He underwent surgery to drain the pus that had accumulated between the aneurysm and graft. Although blood cultures were negative, the surgical specimen culture was positive for a β-hemolytic group G streptococci, which was subsequently identified as SDSE using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Genetic relationships deduced from emm and multilocus sequence typing revealed the isolate to be types stG485.0 and ST29, respectively. Although aortic aneurysm graft infection has a poor prognosis, we successfully rescued the patient through prompt surgery and identification of the responsible pathogen. This case indicates that attention must be paid toward possible SDSE infections in the field of vascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Kakuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Takuya Shimizu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hitoshi Goto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shiro Endo
- Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Donated Fund Laboratory, Tohoku University
| | - Hajime Kanamori
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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5
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Jendoubi F, Rohde M, Prinz JC. Intracellular Streptococcal Uptake and Persistence: A Potential Cause of Erysipelas Recurrence. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30761303 PMCID: PMC6361840 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas is a severe streptococcal infection of the skin primarily spreading through the lymphatic vessels. Penicillin is the treatment of choice. The most common complication consists in relapses which occur in up to 40% or more of patients despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. They cause lymphatic damage resulting in irreversible lymphedema and ultimately elephantiasis nostras and lead to major health restrictions and high socio-medical costs. Prevention of relapses is an unmet need, because even long-term prophylactic penicillin application does eventually not reduce the risk of recurrence. In this article we assess risk factors and causes of erysipelas recurrence. A systematic literature search for clinical studies addressing potential causes and measures for prevention of erysipelas recurrence was combined with a review of experimental and clinical data assessing the ability and clinical relevance of streptococci for intracellular uptake and persistence. The literature review found that venous insufficiency, lymphedema, and intertrigo from fungal infections are considered to be major risk factors for recurrence of erysipelas but cannot adequately explain the high recurrence rate. As hitherto unrecognized likely cause of erysipelas relapses we identify the ability of streptococci for intracellular uptake into and persistence within epithelial and endothelial cells and macrophages. This creates intracellular streptococcal reservoirs out of reach of penicillins which do not reach sufficient bactericidal intracellular concentrations. Incomplete streptococcal elimination due to intracellular streptococcal persistence has been observed in various deep tissue infections and is considered as cause of relapsing streptococcal pharyngitis despite proper antibiotic treatment. It may also serves as endogenous infectious source of erysipelas relapses. We conclude that the current antibiotic treatment strategies and elimination of conventional risk factors employed in erysipelas management are insufficient to prevent erysipelas recurrence. The reactivation of streptococcal infection from intracellular reservoirs represents a plausible explanation for the frequent occurrence erysipelas relapses. Prevention of erysipelas relapses therefore demands for novel antibiotic strategies capable of eradicating intracellular streptococcal persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Jendoubi
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Christoph Prinz
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Skive B, Rohde M, Molinari G, Braunstein TH, Bojesen AM. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:465. [PMID: 29164073 PMCID: PMC5681531 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is an opportunistic pathogen of several species including humans. S. zooepidemicus is found on mucus membranes of healthy horses, but can cause acute and chronic endometritis. Recently S. zooepidemicus was found able to reside in the endometrium for prolonged periods of time. Thus, we hypothesized that an intracellular phase may be part of the S. zooepidemicus pathogenesis and investigated if S. zooepidemicus was able to invade and survive inside epithelial cells. HEp-2 and HeLa cell lines were co-cultured with two S. zooepidemicus strains (1-4a and S31A1) both originating from the uterus of mares suffering from endometritis. Cells were fixed at different time points during the 23 h infection assay and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to characterize adhesion and invasion mechanisms. The FESEM images showed three morphologically different types of invasion for both bacterial strains. The main port of entry was through large invaginations in the epithelial cell membrane. Pili-like bacterial appendages were observed when the S. zooepidemicus cells were in close proximity to the epithelial cells indicating that attachment and invasion were active processes. Adherent and intracellular S. zooepidemicus, and bacteria in association with lysosomes was determined by immunofluorescence staining techniques and fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of intracellular bacteria was determined in penicillin protection assays. Both S. zooepidemicus strains investigated were able to invade epithelial cells although at different magnitudes. The immunofluorescence data showed significantly higher adhesion and invasion rates for strain 1-4a when compared to strain S31A1. S. zooepidemicus was able to survive intracellularly, but the survival rate decreased over time in the cell culture system. Phagosome-like compartments containing S. zooepidemicus at some stages fused with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. The results indicate that an intracellular phase may be one way S. zooepidemicus survives in the host, and could in part explain how S. zooepidemicus can cause recurrent/persistent infections. Future studies should reveal the ability of S. zooepidemicus to internalize and survive in primary equine endometrial cells and during in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolette Skive
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriella Molinari
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartig Braunstein
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S, Jordal S, Glambek M, Kittang BR. Clinical and molecular characteristics of infective β-hemolytic streptococcal endocarditis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 89:135-142. [PMID: 28780243 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) cause considerable morbidity and mortality, and show similarities in disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms. Their involvement in infective endocarditis, however, has not been well described. Invasive S. pyogenes and SDSE infections in Health Region Bergen, Norway, in the period 1999-2013 were reviewed, and sixteen cases of endocarditis were identified. The median duration of symptoms was 2.5days, the frequency of embolic events 50%, 38% received valve replacement and the 30-day mortality was 25%. In S. pyogenes, a significant correlation was observed between the repertoire of fibronectin-binding genes, phenotypic binding ability to fibronectin and disease manifestations. Conversely, no associations between phenotypic and genotypic characteristics were detected in SDSE. S. pyogenes and SDSE endocarditis is characterized by rapid and severe clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis is multifactorial, but our results infer a potential role of fibronectin binding in the development of S. pyogenes endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddvar Oppegaard
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Haima Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Stina Jordal
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marte Glambek
- Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Trell K, Sendi P, Rasmussen M. Recurrent bacteremia with Streptococcus dysgalactiae: a case-control study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:121-4. [PMID: 26906192 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-hemolytic streptococci of groups C and G, designated as Streptococcus dysgalactiae (SD), can cause severe and recurring invasive infections. In this case-control study, we aimed to identify clinical and molecular risk factors for recurrence of SD bacteremia. Twenty-two cases of recurrent SD bacteremia were identified, and median time between episodes was 6 months. The most frequent clinical manifestation was skin and soft tissue infection. Cases and 92 controls, with single-episode SD bacteremia, showed similar demographics, had similar Charlson comorbidity scores, and had similar clinical presentations. Thirty-day fatality was 13% among controls, whereas none of 22 cases died. In 19 cases (86%), the same emm type was encountered in both episodes. SD isolates from recurrent episodes and from single episodes had a similar emm type distribution. Thus, we did not identify clinical risk factors for recurrences. The high proportion of identical emm types in recurrent episodes indicates a host-specific colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Trell
- The Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Parham Sendi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Rasmussen
- The Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
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Watanabe S, Takemoto N, Ogura K, Miyoshi-Akiyama T. Severe invasive streptococcal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes
and Streptococcus dysgalactiae
subsp. equisimilis. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Division of Bacteriology; Department of Infection and Immunity; School of Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1 Yakushiji Shimotsuke-shi Tochigi 329-0498
| | - Norihiko Takemoto
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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10
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Rantala S, Tuohinen S. Two cases of cardiac device-related endocarditis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (group C or G streptococci). BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:174. [PMID: 24678588 PMCID: PMC3976168 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac device-related endocarditis is a very rare clinical manifestation of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis disease. This pathogen is a common cause of cellulitis. We here report two cases of cardiac device-related endocarditis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Blood cultures yielded this pathogen and both patients had recurrent bacteremia. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography revealed lead vegetations. This is a new description of this pathogen to cause cardiac device-related endocarditis. Case presentation The first case is a 79-year-old finnish woman who received a dual-chamber pacemaker for intermittent complete heart block in April 2011. She had three episodes of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia. During first episode she had arthritis of glenohumeral joint. Focus was unknown in the second and third bacteremic episodes. During third bacteremic episode transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed lead vegetation. Patient underwent successful complete system removal. She was treated with benzylpenicillin four million IU six times a day for four weeks intravenously. The second case is a 92-year-old finnish man. A dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted on June 2012 due to total heart block. He had recurrent S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia with cellulitis. During the second bacteremic episode transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed because of persistent fever. Echocardiography revealed lead vegetation. Abdominal CT revealed also an abscess in the psoas region. This elderly patient was very fragile, and the pacemaker system was not extracted. Therapy was continued with benzylpenicillin four million IU six times a day for six weeks intravenously and thereafter suppressive treatment with amoksisillin 500 mg three times a day was initiated. Conclusion Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (group C and G streptococci) seldom cause cardiac device endocarditis. Both patients had recurrent bacteremia of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and echocardiography revealed cardiac device-related endocarditis. These cases emphasize the importance of considering endocarditis in elderly persons having cardiac devices together with the presence of unexplained bacteremia, fever without focus or persistent fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Rantala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, P,O, Box 2000, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland.
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Gherardi G, Imperi M, Palmieri C, Magi G, Facinelli B, Baldassarri L, Pataracchia M, Creti R. Genetic diversity and virulence properties of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis from different sources. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:90-98. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.062109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent increase in virulence of pathogenic Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) has been widely proposed. Such an increase may be partly explained by the acquisition of new virulence traits by horizontal gene transfer from related streptococci such as Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) and Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS). A collection of 54 SDSE strains isolated in Italy in the years 2000–2010 from different sources (paediatric throat carriage, invasive and non-invasive diseases) was characterized by emm typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. The virulence repertoire was evaluated by PCR for the presence of GAS superantigen (spe) genes, the streptolysin S (sagA) gene, the group G fibronectin-binding protein (gfbA) gene and GAS–GBS alpha-like protein family (alp) genes; moreover, the ability to invade human epithelial cells was investigated. Resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin was assessed. The combined use of emm typing and PFGE proved to be a reliable strategy for the epidemiological analysis of SDSE isolates. The most frequent emm types were the same as those more frequently reported in other studies, thus indicating the diffusion of a limited number of a few successful emm types fit to disseminate in humans. The speG gene was detected in SDSE strains of different genetic backgrounds. Erythromycin resistance determined by the erm(T) gene, and the unusual, foggy MLSB phenotype, observed in one and seven strains, respectively, have never previously, to our knowledge, been reported in SDSE. Moreover, a new member of the alp family was identified. The identification of new antibiotic and virulence determinants, despite the small size of the sample analysed, shows the importance of constant attention to monitoring the extent of lateral gene transfer in this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gherardi
- Dipartimento di Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR), Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Imperi
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione Microbiologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloria Magi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione Microbiologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Bruna Facinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione Microbiologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucilla Baldassarri
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pataracchia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Creti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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12
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Rohde M, Chhatwal GS. Adherence and invasion of streptococci to eukaryotic cells and their role in disease pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23203001 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal adhesion, invasion, intracellular trafficking, dissemination, and persistence in eukaryotic cells have a variety of implications in the infection pathogenesis. While cell adhesion establishes the initial host contact, adhering bacteria exploit the host cell for their own benefit. Internalization into the host cell is an essential step for bacterial survival and subsequent dissemination and persistence, thus playing a key role in the course of infection. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the diverse mechanisms of streptococcal adhesion to and invasion into different eukaryotic cells and the impact on dissemination and persistence which is reflected by consequences for the pathogenesis of streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Rohde
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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