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Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease of domestic animals and humans. The pathogenic ability of Brucella organisms relies on their stealthy strategy and their capacity to replicate within host cells and to induce long-lasting infections. Brucella organisms barely induce neutrophil activation and survive within these leukocytes by resisting microbicidal mechanisms. Very few Brucella-infected neutrophils are found in the target organs, except for the bone marrow, early in infection. Still, Brucella induces a mild reactive oxygen species formation and, through its lipopolysaccharide, promotes the premature death of neutrophils, which release chemokines and express "eat me" signals. This effect drives the phagocytosis of infected neutrophils by mononuclear cells that become thoroughly susceptible to Brucella replication and vehicles for bacterial dispersion. The premature death of the infected neutrophils proceeds without NETosis, necrosis/oncosis, or classical apoptosis morphology. In the absence of neutrophils, the Th1 response exacerbates and promotes bacterial removal, indicating that Brucella-infected neutrophils dampen adaptive immunity. This modulatory effect opens a window for bacterial dispersion in host tissues before adaptive immunity becomes fully activated. However, the hyperactivation of immunity is not without a price, since neutropenic Brucella-infected animals develop cachexia in the early phases of the disease. The delay in the immunological response seems a sine qua non requirement for the development of long-lasting brucellosis. This property may be shared with other pathogenic alphaproteobacteria closely related to Brucella We propose a model in which Brucella-infected polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) function as "Trojan horse" vehicles for bacterial dispersal and as modulators of the Th1 adaptive immunity in infection.
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Golubev A, Fatkhullin B, Gabdulkhakov A, Bikmullin A, Nurullina L, Garaeva N, Islamov D, Klochkova E, Klochkov V, Aganov A, Khusainov I, Validov S, Yusupova G, Yusupov M, Usachev K. NMR and crystallographic structural studies of the Elongation factor P from Staphylococcus aureus. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:223-230. [PMID: 32152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Elongation factor P (EF-P) is a translation protein factor that plays an important role in specialized translation of consecutive proline amino acid motifs. EF-P is an essential protein for cell fitness in native environmental conditions. It regulates synthesis of proteins involved in bacterial motility, environmental adaptation and bacterial virulence, thus making EF-P a potential drug target. In the present study, we determined the solution and crystal structure of EF-P from the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus at 1.48 Å resolution. The structure can serve as a platform for structure-based drug design of novel antibiotics to combat the growing antibiotic resistance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Golubev
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Département de Biologie Et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Bulat Fatkhullin
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 4, 142290, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Azat Gabdulkhakov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 4, 142290, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Aydar Bikmullin
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya Nurullina
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Garaeva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Daut Islamov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Evelina Klochkova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Klochkov
- NMR Laboratory, Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Albert Aganov
- NMR Laboratory, Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Iskander Khusainov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Département de Biologie Et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France.,Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shamil Validov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Gulnara Yusupova
- Département de Biologie Et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Marat Yusupov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Département de Biologie Et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Konstantin Usachev
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation. .,NMR Laboratory, Medical Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
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Avila-Calderón ED, Flores-Romo L, Sharon W, Donis-Maturano L, Becerril-García MA, Arreola MGA, Reynoso BA, Güemes FS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. Dendritic cells and Brucella spp. interaction: the sentinel host and the stealthy pathogen. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:1-16. [PMID: 30783994 PMCID: PMC7224029 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter antigens, these cells trigger both innate and T cell responses, and are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. Brucella spp., which is an intracellular facultative and stealthy pathogen, is able to evade the bactericidal activities of professional phagocytes. Several studies have demonstrated that Brucella can survive and replicate intracellularly, thereby provoking impaired maturation of DCs. Therefore, the interaction between DCs and Brucella becomes an interesting model to study the immune response. In this review, we first will describe the most common techniques for DCs differentiation in vitro as well as general features of brucellosis. Then, the interaction of DCs and Brucella, including pathogen recognition, molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis, and intracellular trafficking of Brucella to subvert innate response, will be reviewed. Finally, we will debate diversity in immunological DC response and the controversial role of DC activation against Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN No 2508, Zacatenco, C.P 07330, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Witonsky Sharon
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases/Center for One Health, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0442, USA
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Francisco I Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño S/N Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Arellano Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Francisco Suarez Güemes
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico city, Mexico.
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Golubev AA, Validov SZ, Usachev KS, Yusupov MM. Elongation Factor P: New Mechanisms of Function and an Evolutionary Diversity of Translation Regulation. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hop HT, Arayan LT, Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Min W, Lee HJ, Son JS, Kim S. Simultaneous RNA-seq based transcriptional profiling of intracellular Brucella abortus and B. abortus-infected murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:57-67. [PMID: 29054743 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brucella is a zoonotic pathogen that survives within macrophages; however the replicative mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We describe the isolation of sufficient Brucella abortus RNA from primary host cell environment using modified reported methods for RNA-seq analysis, and simultaneously characterize the transcriptional profiles of intracellular B. abortus and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from BALB/c mice at 24 h (replicative phase) post-infection. Our results revealed that 25.12% (801/3190) and 16.16% (515/3190) of the total B. abortus genes were up-regulated and down-regulated at >2-fold, respectively as compared to the free-living B. abortus. Among >5-fold differentially expressed genes, the up-regulated genes are mostly involved in DNA, RNA manipulations as well as protein biosynthesis and secretion while the down-regulated genes are mainly involved in energy production and metabolism. On the other hand, the host responses during B. abortus infection revealed that 14.01% (6071/43,346) of BMM genes were reproducibly transcribed at >5-fold during infection. Transcription of cytokines, chemokines and transcriptional factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin-1α (Il1α), interleukin-1β (Il1β), interleukin-6 (Il6), interleukin-12 (Il12), chemokine C-X-C motif (CXCL) family, nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-κb), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1), that may contribute to host defense were markedly induced while transcription of various genes involved in cell proliferation and metabolism were suppressed upon B. abortus infection. In conclusion, these data suggest that Brucella modulates gene expression in hostile intracellular environment while simultaneously alters the host pathways that may lead to the pathogen's intracellular survival and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Tan Hop
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lauren Togonon Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - WonGi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Soo Son
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia, 137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Doerfel LK, Rodnina MV. Elongation factor P: Function and effects on bacterial fitness. Biopolymers 2016; 99:837-45. [PMID: 23828669 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The elongation phase of translation is promoted by three universal elongation factors, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G in bacteria and their homologs in archaea and eukaryotes. Recent findings demonstrate that the translation of a subset of mRNAs requires a fourth elongation factor, EF-P in bacteria or the homologs factors a/eIF5A in other kingdoms of life. EF-P prevents the ribosome from stalling during the synthesis of proteins containing consecutive Pro residues, such as PPG, PPP, or longer Pro clusters. The efficient and coordinated synthesis of such proteins is required for bacterial growth, motility, virulence, and stress response. EF-P carries a unique post-translational modification, which contributes to its catalytic proficiency. The modification enzymes, which are lacking in higher eukaryotes, provide attractive new targets for the development of new, highly specific antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili K Doerfel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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Expression of cytokine and apoptosis-related genes in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Brucella abortus recombinant proteins. Vet Res 2016; 47:30. [PMID: 26864657 PMCID: PMC4750197 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a clinically and economically important disease. Therefore, eradication programs of the disease have been implemented in several countries. One hurdle in these programs is the detection of infected animals at the early stage. Although the protein antigens as diagnostic antigens have recently received attention, the exact mechanisms at the beginning of immune responses are not yet known. Therefore, genes encoding five B. abortus cellular proteins were cloned and the expressed recombinant proteins were purified. The expression of several cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and iNOS) was analyzed in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (bPBMC) after stimulation with the recombinant proteins. Three apoptosis-related genes, Bax, Bcl-2, and TLR4, were also included in the analysis to find out the adverse effects of the proteins to the cells. Each protein induced different patterns of cytokine expression depending on the stimulation time and antigen dose. Expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ was induced with all of the proteins while IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and iNOS gene expression was not. Expression of apoptosis-related genes was not altered except TLR4. These results suggest that the cellular antigens of B. abortus induce both humoral and cellular immunity via the production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ in bPBMC without exerting any adverse effects on the cells.
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Yanagisawa T, Takahashi H, Suzuki T, Masuda A, Dohmae N, Yokoyama S. Neisseria meningitidis Translation Elongation Factor P and Its Active-Site Arginine Residue Are Essential for Cell Viability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147907. [PMID: 26840407 PMCID: PMC4739656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation factor P (EF-P), a ubiquitous protein over the entire range of bacterial species, rescues ribosomal stalling at consecutive prolines in proteins. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, the post-translational β-lysyl modification of Lys34 of EF-P is important for the EF-P activity. The β-lysyl EF-P modification pathway is conserved among only 26–28% of bacteria. Recently, it was found that the Shewanella oneidensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa EF-P proteins, containing an Arg residue at position 32, are modified with rhamnose, which is a novel post-translational modification. In these bacteria, EF-P and its Arg modification are both dispensable for cell viability, similar to the E. coli and S. enterica EF-P proteins and their Lys34 modification. However, in the present study, we found that EF-P and Arg32 are essential for the viability of the human pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis. We therefore analyzed the modification of Arg32 in the N. meningitidis EF-P protein, and identified the same rhamnosyl modification as in the S. oneidensis and P. aeruginosa EF-P proteins. N. meningitidis also has the orthologue of the rhamnosyl modification enzyme (EarP) from S. oneidensis and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, EarP should be a promising target for antibacterial drug development specifically against N. meningitidis. The pair of genes encoding N. meningitidis EF-P and EarP suppressed the slow-growth phenotype of the EF-P-deficient mutant of E. coli, indicating that the activity of N. meningitidis rhamnosyl–EF-P for rescuing the stalled ribosomes at proline stretches is similar to that of E. coli β-lysyl–EF-P. The possible reasons for the unique requirement of rhamnosyl–EF-P for N. meningitidis cells are that more proline stretch-containing proteins are essential and/or the basal ribosomal activity to synthesize proline stretch-containing proteins in the absence of EF-P is lower in this bacterium than in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Yanagisawa
- RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (SY)
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Bacteriology, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8640, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Akiko Masuda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
- National Maritime Research Institute, 6-38-1 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181–0004, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (SY)
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Lassak J, Wilson DN, Jung K. Stall no more at polyproline stretches with the translation elongation factors EF-P and IF-5A. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:219-35. [PMID: 26416626 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of polyproline proteins leads to translation arrest. To overcome this ribosome stalling effect, bacteria depend on a specialized translation elongation factor P (EF-P), being orthologous and functionally identical to eukaryotic/archaeal elongation factor e/aIF-5A (recently renamed 'EF5'). EF-P binds to the stalled ribosome between the peptidyl-tRNA binding and tRNA-exiting sites, and stimulates peptidyl-transferase activity, thus allowing translation to resume. In their active form, both EF-P and e/aIF-5A are post-translationally modified at a positively charged residue, which protrudes toward the peptidyl-transferase center when bound to the ribosome. While archaeal and eukaryotic IF-5A strictly depend on (deoxy-) hypusination (hypusinylation) of a conserved lysine, bacteria have evolved diverse analogous modification strategies to activate EF-P. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica a lysine is extended by β-lysinylation and subsequently hydroxylated, whereas in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella oneidensis an arginine in the equivalent position is rhamnosylated. Inactivation of EF-P, or the corresponding modification systems, reduces not only bacterial fitness, but also impairs virulence. Here, we review the function of EF-P and IF-5A and their unusual posttranslational protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Department for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Starosta AL, Lassak J, Jung K, Wilson DN. The bacterial translation stress response. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1172-201. [PMID: 25135187 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life, bacteria need to sense and respond to environmental stress. Thus, such stress responses can require dramatic cellular reprogramming, both at the transcriptional as well as the translational level. This review focuses on the protein factors that interact with the bacterial translational apparatus to respond to and cope with different types of environmental stress. For example, the stringent factor RelA interacts with the ribosome to generate ppGpp under nutrient deprivation, whereas a variety of factors have been identified that bind to the ribosome under unfavorable growth conditions to shut-down (RelE, pY, RMF, HPF and EttA) or re-program (MazF, EF4 and BipA) translation. Additional factors have been identified that rescue ribosomes stalled due to stress-induced mRNA truncation (tmRNA, ArfA, ArfB), translation of unfavorable protein sequences (EF-P), heat shock-induced subunit dissociation (Hsp15), or antibiotic inhibition (TetM, FusB). Understanding the mechanism of how the bacterial cell responds to stress will not only provide fundamental insight into translation regulation, but will also be an important step to identifying new targets for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata L Starosta
- Gene Center, Department for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Center for integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille, France; CNRS UMR7280; Marseille, France; INSERM U1104; Marseille, France
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Rossi D, Kuroshu R, Zanelli CF, Valentini SR. eIF5A and EF-P: two unique translation factors are now traveling the same road. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2014; 5:209-22. [PMID: 24402910 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Translational control is extremely important in all organisms, and some of its aspects are highly conserved among all primary kingdoms, such as those related to the translation elongation step. The previously classified translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) and its bacterial homologue elongation factor P (EF-P) were discovered in the late 70's and have recently been the object of many studies. eIF5A and EF-P are the only cellular proteins that undergo hypusination and lysinylation, respectively, both of which are unique posttranslational modifications. Herein, we review all the important discoveries related to the biochemical and functional characterization of these factors, highlighting the implication of eIF5A in translation elongation instead of initiation. The findings that eIF5A and EF-P are important for specific cellular processes and play a role in the relief of ribosome stalling caused by specific amino acid sequences, such as those containing prolines reinforce the hypothesis that these factors are involved in specialized translation. Although there are some divergences between these unique factors, recent studies have clarified that they act similarly during protein synthesis. Further studies may reveal their precise mechanism of ribosome activity modulation as well as the mRNA targets that require eIF5A and EF-P for their proper translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuza Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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von Bargen K, Gorvel JP, Salcedo SP. Internal affairs: investigating the Brucella intracellular lifestyle. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:533-62. [PMID: 22373010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Brucella are Gram-negative pathogens of several animal species that cause a zoonotic disease in humans known as brucellosis or Malta fever. Within their hosts, brucellae reside within different cell types where they establish a replicative niche and remain protected from the immune response. The aim of this article is to discuss recent advances in the field in the specific context of the Brucella intracellular 'lifestyle'. We initially discuss the different host cell targets and their relevance during infection. As it represents the key to intracellular replication, the focus is then set on the maturation of the Brucella phagosome, with particular emphasis on the Brucella factors that are directly implicated in intracellular trafficking and modulation of host cell signalling pathways. Recent data on the role of the type IV secretion system are discussed, novel effector molecules identified and how some of them impact on trafficking events. Current knowledge on Brucella gene regulation and control of host cell death are summarized, as they directly affect intracellular persistence. Understanding how Brucella molecules interplay with their host cell targets to modulate cellular functions and establish the intracellular niche will help unravel how this pathogen causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine von Bargen
- Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, UM 2, Marseille Cedex, France
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