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Minero GAS, Larsen PB, Hoppe ME, Meyer RL. Bacterial efflux pumps excrete SYTO™ dyes and lead to false-negative staining results. Analyst 2024; 149:2232-2235. [PMID: 38445898 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps excrete a range of small molecules from bacterial cells. In this study, we show that bacterial efflux pumps have affinity for a range of SYTO™ dyes that are commonly used to label bacteria. Efflux pump activity will there lead to false negative results from bacterial staining and SYTO™ dyes should be used with caution on live samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bundgaard Larsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Marie Eline Hoppe
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Louise Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Chandal N, Tambat R, Kalia R, Kumar G, Mahey N, Jachak S, Nandanwar H. Efflux pump inhibitory potential of indole derivatives as an arsenal against norA over-expressing Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0487622. [PMID: 37754560 PMCID: PMC10581058 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04876-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NorA, an extensively studied efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus, has been connected to fluoroquinolone, antiseptic, and disinfection resistance. Several studies have also emphasized how efflux pumps, including NorA, function as the first line of defense of S. aureus against antibiotics. In this study, we have screened some chemically synthesized indole derivatives for their activity as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). The derivative SMJ-5 was found to be a potent NorA efflux pump inhibitor among the screened indole derivatives, owing to increased ethidium bromide and norfloxacin accumulation in norA over-expressing S. aureus. The combination of SMJ-5 and ciprofloxacin demonstrated the eradication of S. aureus biofilm and prolonged the post-antibiotic effect more than ciprofloxacin alone. SMJ-5 was able to inhibit staphyloxanthin virulence. In in vitro time-kill trials and in vivo efficacy investigations, the combination enhanced the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin against S. aureus. Additionally, reverse transcription PCR results revealed that SMJ-5 also inhibits the NorA efflux pump indirectly at the transcriptional level. IMPORTANCE The NorA efflux pump is the most effective resistance mechanism in S. aureus. The clinical importance of NorA efflux pumps is demonstrated by the expression of pump genes in S. aureus strains in response to fluoroquinolones and biocides. Along with the repercussions of decreased fluoroquinolone sensitivity, increasing expression of efflux pump genes by their substrate necessitates the importance of efflux pump inhibitors. Reserpine and verapamil are clinically used to treat ailments and have proven NorA inhibitors, but, unfortunately, the concentration needed for these drugs to inhibit the pump is not safe in clinical settings. In the current study, we have screened some indole derivatives, and among them, SMJ-5 was reported to potentiate norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin at their sub-inhibitory concentration by inhibiting the norA gene transcriptionally. Here we highlight the promising points of this study, which could serve as a model to design a therapeutic EPI candidate against norA over-expressing S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Chandal
- Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rushikesh Tambat
- Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritu Kalia
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Nisha Mahey
- Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Jachak
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Aras A, Rizvanoglu SS, Tanriverdi ES, Karaca B, Eryilmaz M. The Effects of Antiperspirant Aluminum Chlorohydrate on the Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040948. [PMID: 37110371 PMCID: PMC10146609 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of the antiperspirant aluminum chlorohydrate on the development of antibiotic resistance in commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. The isolates were exposed to aluminum chlorohydrate for 30 days. The bacteria that developed resistance to oxacillin and ciprofloxacin were isolated, and the expression levels of some antibiotic resistance genes were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Before and after exposure, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the bacteria were determined using the microdilution method. A time-dependent increase was observed in the number of bacteria that developed resistance and increased MIC values. Consistent with the ciprofloxacin resistance observed after exposure, an increase in norA, norB/C, gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE gene expression was observed. In addition to aluminum chlorohydrate exposure, oxacillin resistance was observed in all test bacteria in the group only subcultured in the medium, suggesting that phenotypic resistance cannot be correlated with chemical exposure in light of these data. The increase in mecA gene expression in selected test bacteria that acquired resistance to oxacillin after exposure compared with control groups suggests that the observed resistance may have been related to aluminum chlorohydrate exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first time in the literature that the effects of aluminum chlorohydrate as an antiperspirant on the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Aras
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Cosmetic Products Department, Ankara 06500, Türkiye
| | - Suna Sibel Rizvanoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye
| | - Elif Seren Tanriverdi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44210, Türkiye
| | - Basar Karaca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye
| | - Mujde Eryilmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye
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4
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Costa SS, Viveiros M, Pomba C, Couto I. Active antimicrobial efflux in Staphylococcus epidermidis: building up of resistance to fluoroquinolones and biocides in a major opportunistic pathogen. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:320-324. [PMID: 29126275 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyse the efflux-mediated response of Staphylococcus epidermidis to ethidium bromide (EtBr), a substrate of multidrug efflux pumps (EPs). Methods The susceptible reference strain S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 was exposed to a step-wise adaptation to EtBr. The resulting EtBr-adapted strains were characterized regarding their antibiotic and biocide susceptibility by MIC determination and evaluation of efflux activity by re-determination of MICs in the presence of known efflux inhibitors and real-time fluorometry. Mutations in the QRDR of grlA and gyrA were screened by sequencing. The expression levels of S. epidermidis homologues of the main Staphylococcus aureus EP genes were quantified by RT-qPCR. Results Exposure to EtBr led to a gradual increase in resistance to antimicrobials, with the final EtBr-adapted strain, ATCC 12228_EtBr, displaying phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones and reduced susceptibility to several antiseptics and disinfectants, although no mutations were detected in the QRDR of the grlA/gyrA genes. A reduction in the MICs of fluoroquinolones and selected biocides promoted by efflux inhibitors suggested an efflux-mediated response to EtBr exposure. Detailed analysis of the EtBr-adapted strains detected a gradual increase in efflux activity. Gene expression assays revealed a temporal activation of S. epidermidis EPs, with an early response involving norA, SE2010 and SE1103 followed by a late response mediated by norA, which coincided with the occurrence of the mutation -1A→T in the norA promoter region. Conclusions This study demonstrated that S. epidermidis has the potential to develop a multiple resistance phenotype mediated by efflux when exposed to a non-antibiotic substrate of multidrug EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unit of Medical Microbiology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unit of Medical Microbiology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- Laboratório de Resistência aos Antibióticos e Biocidas, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, FMV, Universidade de Lisboa, UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unit of Medical Microbiology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin published in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
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6
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Marco L, Liliana G, Anna B, Annarita M. Intrinsic role of coagulase negative staphylococci norA-like efflux system in fluoroquinolones resistance. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:908-914. [PMID: 31294197 PMCID: PMC6604952 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.4.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NorA is a Staphylococcus aureus multidrug transporter that exports structurally distinct compounds including fluoroquinolones. In this study norA-like genes of Staphylococcus epidermidis (norA SEP) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (norA SHAE) were identified and sequenced. The nucleotide identity of norA SEP and norA SHAE with norA was 75.3 and 74.1%, respectively, and the amino acid identity 87.7 and 86%, respectively. Inactivation of norA SEP increased the ciprofloxacin susceptibility of E. coli DH5α carrying the pB SK 198 norA SEP EZ cat norA SEP plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligozzi Marco
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Galia Liliana
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bertoncelli Anna
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mazzariol Annarita
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Yannuzzi NA, Patel NA, Relhan N, Tran KD, Si N, Albini TA, Berrocal AM, Davis JL, Smiddy WE, Townsend J, Miller D, Flynn HW. Clinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibilities, and Treatment Outcomes of Endophthalmitis Caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ophthalmol Retina 2017; 2:396-400. [PMID: 31047321 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the clinical features, antibiotic susceptibilities, and visual acuity outcomes with endophthalmitis caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS All patients seeking treatment at a tertiary referral center between 2006 and 2016 with endophthalmitis caused by S. epidermidis. METHODS All records were reviewed for patients with a clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis and positive vitreous culture results for S. epidermidis. Data were compared with the prior series at the same institution. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical settings, antibiotic susceptibilities, and visual acuity. RESULTS Among 96 eyes of 96 patients, the most common postprocedural clinical settings were cataract surgery (47/96 [49%]), intravitreal injection (21/96 [22%]), trauma (8/96 [8%]), glaucoma surgery (7/96 [7%]), and penetrating keratoplasty (5/96 [5%]). The initial treatment included intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime in 89 of 96 eyes (93%) and intravitreal vancomycin and amikacin in 7 of 96 eyes (7%). A vitreous tap and injection with antibiotics was performed as the initial treatment in 83 of 96 eyes (86%) and pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 13 of 96 eyes (14%). All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin in both decades. In the most recent series, visual acuity at last follow-up was 5/200 or better in 68 of 96 eyes (71%) compared with 71 of 86 eyes (83%) in the prior study. In the current study, susceptibility to methicillin and moxifloxacin was present in 45 of 96 eyes (47%) and 29 of 85 eyes (34%), respectively, compared with 34 of 86 eyes (40%) and 27 of 39 eyes (69%) in the prior study. Final visual acuity was not significantly different between those eyes that were methicillin or fluoroquinolone sensitive and those that were resistant. CONCLUSIONS In the current and prior series, all S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Visual acuity outcomes were not dependent on methicillin or fluoroquinolone sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Yannuzzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nimesh A Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nidhi Relhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kimberly D Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nancy Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Thomas A Albini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Audina M Berrocal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Janet L Davis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - William E Smiddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Justin Townsend
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Darlene Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Sabatini S, Piccioni M, Felicetti T, De Marco S, Manfroni G, Pagiotti R, Nocchetti M, Cecchetti V, Pietrella D. Investigation on the effect of known potent S. aureus NorA efflux pump inhibitors on the staphylococcal biofilm formation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03859c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms has triggered the impending need of developing effective antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Miranda Piccioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Stefania De Marco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Rita Pagiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Morena Nocchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
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García-Gómez E, Jaso-Vera ME, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Alcántar-Curiel MD, Zenteno JC, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Peralta H, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Díaz ME, Jan-Roblero J, Cancino-Diaz JC. The 95ΔG mutation in the 5'untranslated region of the norA gene increases efflux activity in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:139-148. [PMID: 28017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 strain, the flqB mutation in the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of the norA gene causes increased norA mRNA expression and high efflux activity (HEA). The involvement of the norA gene 5'UTR in HEA has not been explored in S. epidermidis; therefore, we examined the function of this region in S. epidermidis clinical isolates. The selection of isolates with HEA was performed based on ethidium bromide (EtBr) MIC values and efflux efficiency (EF) using the semi-automated fluorometric method. The function of the 5'UTR was studied by quantifying the levels of norA expression (RT-qPCR) and by identifying 5'UTR mutations by sequence analysis. Only 10 isolates from a total of 165 (6.1%) had HEA (EtBr MIC = 300 μg/ml and EF ranged from 48.4 to 97.2%). Eight of 10 isolates with HEA had the 5'UTR 95ΔG mutation. Isolates carrying the 95ΔG mutation had higher levels of norA expression compared with those that did not. To corroborate that the 95ΔG mutation is involved in HEA, a strain adapted to EtBr was obtained in vitro. This strain also presented the 95ΔG mutation and had a high level of norA expression and EF, indicating that the 95ΔG mutation is important for the HEA phenotype. The 95ΔG mutation produces a different structure in the Shine-Dalgarno region, which may promote better translation of norA mRNA. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the participation of the 5'UTR 95ΔG mutation of the norA gene in the HEA phenotype of S. epidermidis isolates. Here, we propose that the efflux of EtBr is caused by an increment in the transcription and/or translation of the norA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth García-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcos E Jaso-Vera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Juan C Zenteno
- Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Humberto Peralta
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario E Cancino-Díaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Janet Jan-Roblero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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10
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Kizerwetter-Świda M, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Rzewuska M, Binek M. Resistance of canine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains to pradofloxacin. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:514-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716660131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated in vitro activity of a novel veterinary fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates and compared with other fluoroquinolones. A total of 38 MRSP isolates were subjected to agar disk diffusion tests for sensitivity to pradofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of pradofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were determined. Mutations in the genes encoding DNA gyrase subunit A (GyrA) and topoisomerase IV (GrlA) proteins associated with fluoroquinolone resistance were studied by an analysis of partial sequences of the genes encoding these proteins. Two MRSP isolates were susceptible in disk diffusion and microdilution test to all fluoroquinolones tested, including pradofloxacin. Based on the results of the disk diffusion testing, 33 of 38 isolates showed resistance to pradofloxacin and 3 were intermediate, whereas, by pradofloxacin MIC testing, 35 isolates were classified as resistant and 1 as intermediate. Single alterations in GyrA and GrlA proteins were observed in the 35 resistant isolates and the 1 intermediate isolate (MIC results). These same 36 isolates were also resistant to the other tested fluoroquinolones. The results of the current study showed that MRSP isolates are usually resistant to all fluoroquinolones, including pradofloxacin. Therefore, in routine susceptibility testing to pradofloxacin by disk diffusion, the results should be carefully interpreted for MRSP isolates, especially those resistant to other fluoroquinolones and, in questionable cases, the pradofloxacin MIC should be determined to confirm the susceptibility testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marian Binek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Artini M, Cellini A, Papa R, Tilotta M, Scoarughi GL, Gazzola S, Fontana C, Tempera G, Cocconcelli PS, Selan L. Adhesive behaviour and virulence of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from Italian cheeses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28:341-50. [PMID: 26238537 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015593236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) belong to saprophytic microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans, but are also isolated from foodstuffs such as meat, cheese, and milk. In other circumstances, some CoNS can act as pathogens. Thus the presence of CoNS may not be an immediate danger to public health, but can become a risk factor. In particular antibiotic-resistant genes could be transferred to other potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, CoNS are known to be strong biofilm producers and this is also a risk factor for public health. The aim of the present work was to determine the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of 106 CoNS belonging to four different species isolated from five different Italian cheeses for the presence of some adhesion and virulence features. In order to verify a possible correlation between the formation of biofilm and staphylococcal virulence factors, we checked the presence of adhesin genes by PCR and we investigated the ability of these strains to make biofilm at different temperatures. Furthermore, in some conditions, we analyzed surface proteins and autolytic pattern of selected strains. In conclusion, we checked the presence of norA and mecA genes responsible for fluoroquinolones and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found resistant genes in a proportion of the food isolates in amounts of 9.4% (mecA) and 5.7% (norA). These data support the importance to continuously examine the microbiota not only for the creation of a database but also to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Andrea Cellini
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Marco Tilotta
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Gian Luca Scoarughi
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
| | - Simona Gazzola
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Fontana
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Gianna Tempera
- Department of Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia-CRB, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Italy
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Lee J, Choi S. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in ocular cultures. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 29:7-13. [PMID: 25646055 PMCID: PMC4309873 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Methods A total of 1,125 patients (1,125 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery at Veterans Health Service Medical Center from May 2011 to July 2012 were enrolled in this study. Conjunctival cultures were obtained from the patients on the day of surgery before instillation of any ophthalmic solutions. The medical records of patients with positive coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cultures were reviewed to determine factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Results Of 734 CNS and S. aureus cultures, 175 (23.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or moxifloxacin. Use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months and within 1 year before surgery, topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone, systemic antibiotic use, recent hospitalization, ocular surgery, intravitreal injection and use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride were significantly more frequent in resistant isolates than in susceptible isolates. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, ocular surgery (odds ratio [OR], 8.457), recent hospitalization (OR, 6.646) and use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months before surgery (OR, 4.918) were significant predictors of fluoroquinolone resistance, along with intravitreal injection (OR, 2.976), systemic antibiotic use (OR, 2.665), use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride (OR, 2.323), use of fluoroquinolone within 1 year before surgery (OR, 1.943) and topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone (OR, 1.673). Conclusions Recent topical fluoroquinolone use, hospitalization and ocular surgery were significantly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in CNS and S. aureus isolates from ocular culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangkyung Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Cunha PAFD, Shinzato FA, Tecchio GT, Weber SLP, Brasil A, Avakian A. Efficacy and tolerability of a gatifloxacin/prednisolone acetate fixed combination for topical prophylaxis and control of inflammation in phacoemulsification: a 20-day-double-blind comparison to its individual components. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:834-9. [PMID: 23778476 PMCID: PMC3674263 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(06)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of 0.3% gatifloxacin and 1% prednisolone(ZypredH) versus the individual components used separately (Zymar® and Predfort® ) for infection prophylaxis and inflammation control after cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation [corrected]. METHODS A prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study of 108 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation was conducted. After random assignment, 47 eyes received the fixed combination of topical 0.3% gatifloxacin/1% prednisolone drops, and 61 eyes received the same doses of the individual components as separate solutions four times a day for 15 days. Baseline and postoperative assessments were made on postoperative days 1, 7, 15, and 20. RESULTS All objective (best corrected visual acuity, sign of active ocular inflammation, central and incisional corneal edema, the number of cells per high-power field in the anterior chamber, and intraocular pressure) and subjective (eye pain, photophobia, burning sensation, itching, and foreign body sensation) criteria of efficacy were similar in both groups, with no significant differences. Group I included 47 eyes that received the fixed combination of gatifloxacin/prednisolone acetate eye drops and a placebo eye drop solution. Group II included 61 eyes that were treated with 0.3% gatifloxacin and 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops separately. The intraocular pressure was slightly higher in Group II (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Treatment with the fixed-dose combination of gatifloxacin/prednisolone eye drops was as effective as the non-fixed combination in preventing infection and controlling inflammation after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.
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