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Fik-Jaskółka M, Mittova V, Motsonelidze C, Vakhania M, Vicidomini C, Roviello GN. Antimicrobial Metabolites of Caucasian Medicinal Plants as Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:487. [PMID: 38927153 PMCID: PMC11200912 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential of antimicrobial metabolites derived from Caucasian medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. With the rise of antibiotic resistance posing a global health threat, there is a pressing need to investigate alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Caucasian medicinal plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic properties, and recent research has highlighted their potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds. Representatives of 15 families of Caucasian medicinal plant extracts (24 species) have been explored for their efficacy against these pathogens. The effect of these plants on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi is discussed in this paper. By harnessing the bioactive metabolites present in these plants, this study aims to contribute to the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can effectively combat bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of resistance emergence. Herein we discuss the following classes of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds of Allium species. The review discusses the pharmacological properties of selected Caucasian medicinal plants, the extraction and characterization of these antimicrobial metabolites, the mechanisms of action of antibacterial and antifungal plant compounds, and their potential applications in clinical settings. Additionally, challenges and future directions in the research of antimicrobial metabolites from Caucasian medicinal plants are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fik-Jaskółka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentina Mittova
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | | | - Malkhaz Vakhania
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | - Caterina Vicidomini
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Silva VBD, Almeida-Bezerra JW, Novais MHG, Farias NS, Coelho JJ, Ribeiro PRV, Canuto KM, Coutinho HDM, Morais-Braga MFB, Oliveira AFMD. Chemical composition, antifungal, and anti-virulence action of the stem bark of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) against Candida spp. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117506. [PMID: 38012976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit and medicinal species used for treating infectious diseases of the genitourinary system. However, its mechanism of action against microbes is still not fully understood. Infections in the genitourinary system caused by Candida spp. are associated with its fungal resistance and pathogenicity. New plant-derived compounds are an alternative to fight these Candida infections. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-Candida effects of extracts of the stem bark of H. speciosa. This research investigated the chemical composition of sulfuric ether (EEHS) and methanolic (MEHS) extracts, their drug-modifying action on fluconazole, and their anti-virulence action on the morphological transition of Candida species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extracts (EEHS and MEHS) of the stem bark of H. speciosa were chemically characterized via qualitative phytochemical screening and by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF). The extracts were evaluated regarding their antifungal effects and fluconazole-modifying activity against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis using the broth microdilution method. Additionally, the study evaluated the inhibition of fungal virulence in Candida species through morphological transition assays. RESULTS The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, aurones, catechins, chalcones, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, leucoanthocyanidins, tannins (condensed and pyrogallic), and xanthones in both extracts of the stem bark of H. speciosa. The UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF analysis identified the same compounds in both extracts, predominating phenolic compounds. Some compounds were first time recorded in this species: gluconic acid, cinchonain IIb, cinchonain Ib isomer, and lariciresinol hexoside isomers. Most of the intrinsic antifungal activity was observed for the MEHS against C. krusei (IC50: 58.41 μg/mL). At subinhibitory concentrations (MC/8), the EEHS enhanced the action of fluconazole against all Candida strains. The MEHS exhibited greater efficacy than fluconazole inhibiting C. krusei growth. The EEHS completely inhibited hyphae appearance and reduced pseudohyphae formation in C. albicans. CONCLUSION The stem bark of H. speciosa is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic. Phenolic compounds can have important roles in fighting infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, such as candidiasis. The extracts of H. speciosa improved the action of the drug fluconazole against Candida species, inhibited hyphae appearance, and reduced pseudohyphae formation. The results of this study can support the development of new therapeutics against resistant strains of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Rua Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50.670-901, Brazil.
| | - José Weverton Almeida-Bezerra
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Rua Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Hellena Garcia Novais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
| | - Naiza Saraiva Farias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
| | - Janerson José Coelho
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Multi-User Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory - LMQPN, Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60511-110, Brazil
| | - Kirley Marques Canuto
- Multi-User Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory - LMQPN, Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60511-110, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Crato, Ceará, 63.105-000, Brazil
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Evuen UF, Okolie NP, Apiamu A. Evaluation of the mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of three culinary spices in Nigeria: a comparative study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20705. [PMID: 36456798 PMCID: PMC9715621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices are prolific sources of phytochemicals of pharmaceutical and nutritional importance. They have been employed for centuries in the treatment of various maladies, in cuisines, and as inhibitors of oxidative degradation in foods. On this premise, a comparative assessment of the quantitative mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of Xylopia aethiopica (fruits), Piper guineense (seeds), and Rhaphiostylis beninensis (roots) was done using standard protocols. Subsequently, methanol extracts of the spices were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Mineral analysis of the culinary spices revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the spices' magnesium, zinc, iron, selenium, copper, calcium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, and sodium contents. In the phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids (4.04%, 2.92%, 2.23%) predominate in X. aethiopica. Similarly, proximate analysis shows a preponderance of carbohydrates (81.24%) and proteins (4.83%) in R. beninensis and P. guineense respectively. However, values for the selenium (0.25 mg/L), saponin (0.23%), and moisture (0.71%) contents for R. beninensis were the lowest among the three spices. Results from the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen, twelve, and thirteen phytoconstituents of X. aethiopica, P. guineense, and R. beninensis respectively. Prominent among them are hydrocarbons, acids, and esters with renowned biological attributes such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. These findings indicate that the spices are notable wellsprings of bioactive components and justify their plethoric applications in Nigeria. Therefore, they could serve as lead compounds in the search for natural ingredients for drugs and nutraceuticals formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uduenevwo Francis Evuen
- grid.442645.5Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Western Delta University, P.M.B. 10, Oghara, Delta State Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Paulinus Okolie
- grid.413068.80000 0001 2218 219XDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 5025, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria
| | - Augustine Apiamu
- grid.449066.90000 0004 1764 147XDepartment of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State Nigeria
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Rivera-Yañez CR, Ruiz-Hurtado PA, Reyes-Reali J, Mendoza-Ramos MI, Vargas-Díaz ME, Hernández-Sánchez KM, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, García-Romo GS, Pedroza-González A, Méndez-Cruz AR, Nieto-Yañez O, Rivera-Yañez N. Antifungal Activity of Mexican Propolis on Clinical Isolates of Candida Species. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175651. [PMID: 36080417 PMCID: PMC9457601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by micro-organisms of the genus Candida are becoming a growing health problem worldwide. These fungi are opportunistic commensals that can produce infections—clinically known as candidiasis—in immunocompromised individuals. The indiscriminate use of different anti-fungal treatments has triggered the resistance of Candida species to currently used therapies. In this sense, propolis has been shown to have potent antimicrobial properties and thus can be used as an approach for the inhibition of Candida species. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the anti-Candida effects of a propolis extract obtained from the north of Mexico on clinical isolates of Candida species. Candida species were specifically identified from oral lesions, and both the qualitative and quantitative anti-Candida effects of the Mexican propolis were evaluated, as well as its inhibitory effect on C. albicans isolate’s germ tube growth and chemical composition. Three Candida species were identified, and our results indicated that the inhibition halos of the propolis ranged from 7.6 to 21.43 mm, while that of the MFC and FC50 ranged from 0.312 to 1.25 and 0.014 to 0.244 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the propolis was found to inhibit germ tube formation (IC50 ranging from 0.030 to 1.291 mg/mL). Chemical composition analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, including pinocembrin, baicalein, pinobanksin chalcone, rhamnetin, and biochanin A, in the Mexican propolis extract. In summary, our work shows that Mexican propolis presents significant anti-Candida effects related to its chemical composition, and also inhibits germ tube growth. Other Candida species virulence factors should be investigated in future research in order to determine the mechanisms associated with antifungal effects against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rebeca Rivera-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Alonso Ruiz-Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Gustavo A. Madero 07738, Mexico
| | - Julia Reyes-Reali
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Mendoza-Ramos
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Elena Vargas-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Mariela Hernández-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Gina Stella García-Romo
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alexander Pedroza-González
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Unidad de Morfofisiología y Función, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (O.N.-Y.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
| | - Nelly Rivera-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (O.N.-Y.); (N.R.-Y.); Tel.: +52-5522-476-721 (N.R.-Y.)
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Kalimuthu S, Alshanta OA, Krishnamoorthy AL, Pudipeddi A, Solomon AP, McLean W, Leung YY, Ramage G, Neelakantan P. Small molecule based anti-virulence approaches against Candida albicans infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 48:743-769. [PMID: 35232325 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2025337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are considered "silent killers" due to the difficulty of, and delays in diagnosis of infections and lack of effective antifungals. This challenge is compounded by the fact that being eukaryotes, fungi share several similarities with human cellular targets, creating obstacles to drug discovery. Candida albicans, a ubiquitous microbe in the human body is well-known for its role as an opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed people. Significantly, C. albicans is resistant to all the three classes of antifungals that are currently clinically available. Over the past few years, a paradigm shift has been recommended in the management of C. albicans infections, wherein anti-virulence strategies are considered an alternative to the discovery of new antimycotics. Small molecules, with a molecular weight <900 Daltons, can easily permeate the cell membrane and modulate the signal transduction pathways to elicit desired virulence inhibitory actions against pathogens. This review dissects in-depth, the discoveries that have been made with small-molecule anti-virulence approaches to tackle C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Akshaya Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Akhila Pudipeddi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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Abou Baker DH. An ethnopharmacological review on the therapeutical properties of flavonoids and their mechanisms of actions: A comprehensive review based on up to date knowledge. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:445-469. [PMID: 35340621 PMCID: PMC8943219 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids -a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites- are ubiquitous and cornucopia throughout the plant kingdom. Structurally, the main structure consists of C6-C3-C6 rings with different substitution patterns so that many sub-classes are obtained, for example: flavonols, flavonolignans, flavonoid glycosides, flavans, anthocyanidins, aurones, anthocyanidins, flavones, neoflavonoids, chalcones, isoflavones, flavones and flavanones. Flavonoids are evaluated to have drug like nature since they possess different therapeutic activities, and can act as cardioprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and also work against Alzheimer's disease and others. However, information on the relationship between their structure and biological activity is scarce. Therefore, the present review tries to summarize all the therapeutic activities of flavonoids, their mechanisms of action and the structure activity relationship. Latest updated ethnopharmacological review of the therapeutic effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids are attracting attention because of their therapeutic properties. Flavonoids are valuable candidates for drug development against many dangerous diseases. This overview summarizes the most important therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of flavonoids. General knowledge about the structure activity relationship of flavonoids is summarized. Substitution of chemical groups in the structure of flavonoids can significantly change their biological and chemical properties. The chemical properties of the basic flavonoid structure should be considered in a drug-based structural program.
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Koide T, Tamura M. Effect of diglyceryl dicaprylate on Candida albicans growth and pathogenicity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2334-2342. [PMID: 34508624 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal effect of diglyceryl dicaprylate, one of the emulsifiers used as a food additive, on Candida albicans that is a pathogenic fungus that is predominant in the oral cavity was investigated. This component did not affect C. albicans growth; however, it suppressed some virulence factors in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the suppression of pathogenic factors, such as biofilm formation, adhesion, highly pathogenic dimorphism, and ability to produce proteolytic enzymes, was due to reduction in mRNA expression levels of genes involved in fungal pathogenicities. From these results, this emulsifier could potentially prevent the development of intraoral and extraoral diseases involving C. albicans and could potentially use in oral care and improvement of quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomojiro Koide
- Department of Food Ingredients Development, Riken Vitamin Co., Ltd., Mihama-ku Chiba-City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kanda-surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Moriwaki-Takano M, Iwakura R, Hoshino K. Dimorphic Mechanism on cAMP Mediated Signal Pathway in Mucor circinelloides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:1252-1265. [PMID: 32424738 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic fungus that is a non-pathogen strain belonging to zygomycetes. In this research, a part of hypothetical mechanism on yeast-like cell induction of M. circinelloides in CO2 atmosphere was reported from the viewpoint of gene expression. To explain the relation between the change and the expressions of some genes involved in morphological changes of the strain, these were analyzed on the filamentous and yeast cell by real-time qPCR. The compared genes were Nce103, Ras3, Cyr1, Pde, and Efg1 encoding carbonic anhydrase, GTPase, adenylate cyclase, phosphodiesterase, and elongation factor G1, respectively. In anaerobic grown yeast cell with 70%N2 + 30%CO2, the Nce103 and Ras3 gene expressions decreased to 24 h whereas that of the filamentous cell increased. However, a downstream gene of Cyr1 expression level in the yeast cell was higher than that of filamentous cell. A lower level of Pde in the yeast cell than that of the filamentous cell indicated intracellular cAMP accumulation. The actual cAMP in the yeast cell remained whereas that of the filamentous cell decreased with cultivation. The Efg1 expression level controlling hyphal elongation was suppressed in the yeast cell. The intracellular cAMP accumulation and Efg1 expression regulate hyphal elongation or yeast forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Moriwaki-Takano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwakura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, Japan.
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Al Aboody MS, Mickymaray S. Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E45. [PMID: 31991883 PMCID: PMC7168129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity. This review focuses on various naturally occurring flavonoids and their antifungal activities, modes of action, and synergetic use in combination with conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Riyadh Region, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
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Tsutsumi-Arai C, Takakusaki K, Arai Y, Terada-Ito C, Takebe Y, Imamura T, Ide S, Tatehara S, Tokuyama-Toda R, Wakabayashi N, Satomura K. Grapefruit seed extract effectively inhibits the Candida albicans biofilms development on polymethyl methacrylate denture-base resin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217496. [PMID: 31136636 PMCID: PMC6538181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cleansing effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on biofilms of Candida albicans (C. albicans) formed on denture-base resin and the influence of GSE on the mechanical and surface characteristics of the resin. GSE solution diluted with distilled water to 0.1% (0.1% GSE) and 1% (1% GSE) and solutions with Polident® denture cleansing tablet dissolved in distilled water (Polident) or in 0.1% GSE solution (0.1% G+P) were prepared as cleansing solutions. Discs of acrylic resin were prepared, and the biofilm of C. albicans was formed on the discs. The discs with the biofilm were treated with each solution for 5 min at 25°C. After the treatment, the biofilm on the discs was analyzed using a colony forming unit (CFU) assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to assess the persistent cleansing effect, the discs treated with each solution for 5 min were aerobically incubated in Yeast Nitrogen Base medium for another 24 h. After incubation, the persistent effect was assessed by CFU assay. Some specimens of acrylic resin were immersed in each solution for 7 days, and changes in surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VH), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM) were evaluated. As a result, the treatment with 1% GSE for 5 min almost completely eliminated the biofilm formed on the resin; whereas, the treatment with 0.1% GSE, Polident, and 0.1% G+P for 5 min showed a statistically significant inhibitory effect on biofilms. In addition, 0.1% GSE and 0.1% G+P exerted a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilms. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Polident mainly induced the death of yeast, while the cleansing solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced the death of hyphae as well as yeast. SEM also revealed that Polident caused wrinkles, shrinkage, and some deep craters predominantly on the cell surfaces of yeast, while the solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced wrinkles, shrinkage, and some damage on cell surfaces of not only yeasts but also hyphae. No significant changes in Ra, VH, FS, or FM were observed after immersion in any of the solutions. Taken together, GSE solution is capable of cleansing C. albicans biofilms on denture-base resin and has a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilm development, without any deteriorations of resin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsutsumi-Arai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kensuke Takakusaki
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Arai
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Terada-Ito
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takebe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imamura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Ide
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Tatehara
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Tokuyama-Toda
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Tomovic M, Popovic-Milenkovic M, Jankovic S. Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Potentilla Reptans L. Rhizome and Aerial Part. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Potentilla reptans is a little studied plant of the genus Potentilla, the family Rosaceae. The aim of this study is to determine antimicrobial effects of aqueous extracts of P. reptans aerial part and rhizome against standardized bacterial strains.
The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of P. reptans aerial part and rhizome was tested against one fungus, Candida albicans, and two standard bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, using an agar diffusion method.
Both examined extracts showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at the concentrations of 10 to 150 mg/ml. The rhizome extract showed stronger antimicrobial effect against the tested strains of bacteria than the aerial part extract.
The obtained results represent preliminary results of antimicrobial activity of this plant and suggest that in future, the studies should examine antimicrobial activity against other bacterial strains and minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | | | - Slobodan Jankovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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12
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Câmara CRS, Shi Q, Pedersen M, Zbasnik R, Nickerson KW, Schlegel V. Histone acetylation increases in response to ferulic, gallic, and sinapic acids acting synergistically in vitro to inhibit Candida albicans
yeast-to-hyphae transition. Phytother Res 2018; 33:319-326. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinyin Shi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Matthew Pedersen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Richard Zbasnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Kenneth W. Nickerson
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
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13
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Tocci N, Perenzoni D, Iamonico D, Fava F, Weil T, Mattivi F. Extracts From Hypericum hircinum subsp. majus Exert Antifungal Activity Against a Panel of Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Clinical Strains. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29755350 PMCID: PMC5932341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades incidences of fungal infections dramatically increased and the often accompanying failure of available antifungal therapies represents a substantial clinical problem. The urgent need for novel antimycotics called particular attention to the study of natural products. The genus Hypericum includes many species that are used in the traditional medicine to treat pathological states like inflammations and infections caused by fungi. However, despite the diffused use of Hypericum-based products the antifungal potential of the genus is still poorly investigated. In this study five Hypericum species autochthonous of Central and Eastern Europe were evaluated regarding their polyphenolic content, their toxicological safety and their antifungal potential against a broad panel of clinical fungal isolates. LC-MS analysis led to the identification and quantification of 52 compounds, revealing that Hypericum extracts are rich sources of flavonols, benzoates and cinnamates, and of flavan-3-ols. An in-depth screen of the biological activity of crude extracts clearly unveiled H. hircinum subsp. majus as a promising candidate species for the search of novel antifungals. H. hircinum is diffused in the Mediterranean basin from Spain to Turkey where it is traditionally used to prepare a herbal tea indicated for the treatment of respiratory tract disorders, several of which are caused by fungi. Noteworthy, the infusion of H. hircinum subsp. majus excreted broad antifungal activity against Penicillium, Aspergillus and non-albicans Candida isolates comprising strains both sensitive and resistant to fluconazole. Additionally, it showed no cytotoxicity on human cells and the chemical characterization of the H. hircinum subsp. majus infusion revealed high amounts of the metabolite hyperoside. These results scientifically support the traditional use of H. hircinum extracts for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and suggest the presence of exploitable antifungal principles for further investigations aimed at developing novel antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Tocci
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Perenzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Duilio Iamonico
- Laboratory of Phytogeography and Applied Geobotany, Section Environment and Landscape, Department of Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Tobias Weil
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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14
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Baldemir A, Köse NB, Ildız N, İlgün S, Yusufbeyoğlu S, Yilmaz V, Ocsoy I. Synthesis and characterization of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) extract and its major components-based nanoflowers: a new strategy to enhance antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07618e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, a novel organic–inorganic nanobio-antimicrobial agent called “nanoflowers” (Nfs) from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze extracts and its main components were produced and the increase in the antimicrobial activity of Nfs was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Baldemir
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany
- Kayseri
- Turkey
| | - N. Buse Köse
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kayseri
- Turkey
| | - Nilay Ildız
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- Kayseri
- Turkey
| | - Selen İlgün
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany
- Kayseri
- Turkey
| | | | - Vedat Yilmaz
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Kayseri
- Turkey
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Erciyes University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Kayseri
- Turkey
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15
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R M Machado GD, Pippi B, Dalla Lana DF, Amaral APS, Teixeira ML, Souza KCBD, Fuentefria AM. Reversal of fluconazole resistance induced by a synergistic effect with Acca sellowiana in Candida glabrata strains. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2410-2419. [PMID: 27050162 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1158286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The increased incidence of non-albicans Candida (NAC) resistant to fluconazole (FLZ) makes it necessary to use new therapeutic alternatives. Acca sellowiana (O.berg) Burret (Myrtaceae) is a guava with several proven biological activities. The interaction with fluconazole can be a feasible alternative to overcome this resistance. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the in vitro antifungal activity of fractions obtained from the lyophilized aqueous extract of the leaves of A. sellowiana against resistant strains of NAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antifungal activity of the fractions was evaluated at 500 μg/mL by microdilution method. Checkerboard assay was performed to determine the effect of the combination of the F2 fraction and antifungal at concentrations: MIC/4, MIC/2, MIC, MIC × 2 and MIC × 4. RESULTS Candida glabrata showed the lowest MIC values (500-3.90 μg/mL) and the F2 active fraction was the most effective. The association of F2 with FLZ showed a strong synergistic effect (FICI ≤ 0.5) against 100% of C. glabrata resistant isolates. Moreover, the F2 active fraction has demonstrated that probably acts in the cell wall of these yeasts. There was no observed acute dermal toxicity of lyophilized aqueous extract of leaves of A. sellowiana on pig ear skin cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The interaction between substances present in the F2 active fraction is possibly responsible for the antifungal activity presented by this fraction. This study is unprecedented and suggests that the combination of F2 active fraction and FLZ might be used as an alternative treatment for mucocutaneus infections caused by C. glabrata resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella da R M Machado
- a Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- a Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- b Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula S Amaral
- c Departamento de Farmacociências, Curso de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- d Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia , Concórdia , Brazil
| | - Kellen C B de Souza
- c Departamento de Farmacociências, Curso de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- a Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
- b Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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16
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Hayama K, Takahashi M, Yui S, Abe S. Inhibitory effects of several saturated fatty acids and their related fatty alcohols on the growth of Candida albicans. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 9:386-90. [PMID: 26781922 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of 5 saturated fatty acids and their related alcohols on the growth of Candida albicans. The inhibitory effects of these compounds against the yeast and hyphal growth forms of C. albicans were examined using the modified NCCLS method and crystal violet staining, respectively. Among these compounds, capric acid inhibited both types of growth at the lowest concentration. The IC(80), i.e., the concentration at which the compounds reduced the growth of C. albicans by 80% in comparison with the growth of control cells, of capric acid for the hyphal growth of this fungus, which is indispensable for its mucosal invasion, was 16.7 μM. These fatty acids, including capric acid, have an unpleasant smell, which may limit their therapeutic use. To test them at reduced concentrations, the combined effect of these fatty acids and oligonol, a depolymerized polyphenol, was evaluated in vitro. These combinations showed potent synergistic inhibition of hyphal growth [fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index = 0.319]. Our results demonstrated that capric acid combined with oligonol could be used as an effective anti-Candida compound. It may be a candidate prophylactic or therapeutic tool against mucosal Candida infection.
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17
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Abstract
The cell wall integrity pathway (CWI) plays an important role in the biogenesis of the cell wall in Candida albicans and other fungi. In the present work, the C. albicans MKK2 gene that encodes the putative MAPKK of this pathway was deleted in different backgrounds and the phenotypes of the resultant mutants were characterised. We show here that Mkk2 mediates the phosphorylation of the Mkc1 MAPK in response to cell wall assembly interfering agents such as zymolyase or tunicamycin and also to oxidative stress. Remarkably, mkk2 and mkc1 mutants display related but distinguishable- cell wall associated phenotypes and differ in the pattern of MAPK phosphorylation under different stress conditions. mkk2 and mkc1 mutants display an altered expression of GSC1, CEK1 and CRH11 genes at different temperatures. Combined deletion of MKK2 with HST7 supports a cooperative role for the Cek1-mediated and CWI pathways in regulating cell wall architecture under vegetative growth. However, and in contrast to Mkc1, Mkk2 does not seem to play a role in the virulence of C. albicans in the mouse systemic model or the Galleria mellonella model of infection.
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18
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Yang W, Yan L, Wu C, Zhao X, Tang J. Fungal invasion of epithelial cells. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:803-10. [PMID: 24670964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between host cells and invasive Candida plays a large role in the pathogenicity of Candida species. Fungal-induced endocytosis and active penetration are the two distinct, yet complementary invasion mechanisms of invasive candidiasis. Induced endocytosis is a microorganism-triggered, epithelial-driven, clathrin-mediated and actin-dependent process. During the fundamental pathological process of induced endocytosis, invasins (Als3 and Ssa1), which mediate the binding of host epithelial surface proteins, are expressed by Candida species on the hyphal surface. Sequentially, the interaction between invasins and host epithelial surface proteins stimulates the recruitment of clathrin, dynamin and cortactin to the sites where Candida enters epithelial cells, which in turn induce the actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Actin cytoskeleton provides the force required for fungal internalization. Parallely, active penetration of Candida can directly pass through epithelial cells possibly due to progressive elongation of hyphae and physical forces. Several molecules, such as secreted hydrolases and Als3, can affect the protective barrier of the epithelium and make Candida actively penetrate into epithelial cells through intercellular gaps of epithelial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Chunrong Wu
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiangwang Zhao
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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19
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Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Virulence to Combat MDR in Candida albicans. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:240209. [PMID: 24163696 PMCID: PMC3791847 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous deployment of antifungals in treating infections caused by dimorphic opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans has led to the emergence of drug resistance resulting in cross-resistance to many unrelated drugs, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite the current understanding of major factors which contribute to MDR mechanisms, there are many lines of evidence suggesting that it is a complex interplay of multiple factors which may be contributed by still unknown mechanisms. Coincidentally with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the number of reports for antifungal drug resistance has also increased which further highlights the need for understanding novel molecular mechanisms which can be explored to combat MDR, namely, ROS, iron, hypoxia, lipids, morphogenesis, and transcriptional and signaling networks. Considering the worrying evolution of MDR and significance of C. albicans being the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, this review summarizes these new regulatory mechanisms which could be exploited to prevent MDR development in C. albicans as established from recent studies.
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