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Benchlih S, Esmaeel Q, Aberkani K, Tahiri A, Belabess Z, Lahlali R, Barka EA. Modes of Action of Biocontrol Agents and Elicitors for sustainable Protection against Bacterial Canker of Tomato. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030726. [PMID: 36985299 PMCID: PMC10054590 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the world’s most commonly grown and consumed vegetables. However, it can be attacked by the Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), which causes bacterial canker on tomato plants, resulting in significant financial losses in field production and greenhouses worldwide. The current management strategies rely principally on the application of various chemical pesticides and antibiotics, which represent a real danger to the environment and human safety. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as an attractive alternative to agrochemical crop protection methods. PGPR act through several mechanisms to support plant growth and performance, while also preventing pathogen infection. This review highlights the importance of bacterial canker disease and the pathogenicity of Cmm. We emphasize the application of PGPR as an ecological and cost-effective approach to the biocontrol of Cmm, specifying the complex modes of biocontrol agents (BCAs), and presenting their direct/indirect mechanisms of action that enable them to effectively protect tomato crops. Pseudomonas and Bacillus are considered to be the most interesting PGPR species for the biological control of Cmm worldwide. Improving plants’ innate defense mechanisms is one of the main biocontrol mechanisms of PGPR to manage bacterial canker and to limit its occurrence and gravity. Herein, we further discuss elicitors as a new management strategy to control Cmm, which are found to be highly effective in stimulating the plant immune system, decreasing disease severity, and minimizing pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Benchlih
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- Faculté Poly-Disciplinaire de Nador, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Kamal Aberkani
- Faculté Poly-Disciplinaire de Nador, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Abdessalem Tahiri
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Meknes, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Km 13, Route Haj Kaddour, BP.578, Meknes 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.)
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Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis BYS2, a Strain with a Broad Inhibitory Spectrum against Pathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0080321. [PMID: 34528824 PMCID: PMC8444973 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00803-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis BYS2 is a strain with a broad inhibitory spectrum against pathogenic bacteria. In the current study, we report the complete genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis BYS2. The chromosome of BYS2 (4,030,791 bp; G+C content, 43.88%) contained 3,914 protein-encoding genes, with 86 tRNAs, 30 rRNAs, and 5 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Khan S, Voordouw MJ, Hill JE. Competition Among Gardnerella Subgroups From the Human Vaginal Microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:374. [PMID: 31737577 PMCID: PMC6834547 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardnerella spp. are hallmarks of bacterial vaginosis, a clinically significant dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome. Gardnerella has four subgroups (A, B, C, and D) based on cpn60 sequences. Multiple subgroups are often detected in individual women, and interactions between these subgroups are expected to influence their population dynamics and associated clinical signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. In the present study, contact-independent and contact-dependent interactions between the four Gardnerella subgroups were investigated in vitro. The cell free supernatants of mono- and co-cultures had no effect on growth rates of the Gardnerella subgroups suggesting that there are no contact-independent interactions (and no contest competition). For contact-dependent interactions, mixed communities of 2, 3, or 4 subgroups were created and the initial (0 h) and final population sizes (48 h) were quantified using subgroup-specific PCR. Compared to the null hypothesis of neutral interactions, most (69.3%) of the mixed communities exhibited competition. Competition reduced the growth rates of subgroups A, B, and C. In contrast, the growth rate of subgroup D increased in the presence of the other subgroups. All subgroups were able to form biofilm alone and in mixed communities. Our study suggests that there is scramble competition among Gardnerella subgroups, which likely contributes to the observed distributions of Gardnerella spp. in vaginal microbiomes and the formation of the multispecies biofilms characteristic of bacterial vaginosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahuddin Khan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maarten J Voordouw
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Takishita Y, Charron JB, Smith DL. Biocontrol Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. 23S Induces Systemic Resistance in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) Against Bacterial Canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2119. [PMID: 30254615 PMCID: PMC6141633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato bacterial canker disease, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is a destructive disease and has been a serious concern for tomato industries worldwide. Previously, a rhizosphere isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp. 23S showed antagonistic activity toward Cmm in vitro. This Pseudomonas sp. 23S was characterized to explore the potential of this bacterium for its use in agriculture. Pseudomonas sp. 23S possesses ability to solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and to produce siderophores, indole acetic acid, and hydrogen cyanide. The strain also showed antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. A plant assay indicated that Pseudomonas sp. 23S could promote growth of tomato seedlings. The potential of treating tomato plants with Pseudomonas sp. 23S to reduce the severity of tomato bacterial canker by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) was investigated using well characterized marker genes such as PR1a [salicylic acid (SA)], PI2 [jasmonic acid (JA)], and ACO [ethylene (ET)]. Two-week-old tomato plants were treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S by soil drench, and Cmm was inoculated into the stem by needle injection on 3, 5, or 7 days post drench. The results indicated that plants treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S, 5 days prior to Cmm inoculation significantly delayed the progression of the disease. These plants, after 3 weeks from the date of Cmm inoculation, had significantly higher dry shoot and root weight, higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaf tissue, and the number of Cmm population in the stem was significantly lower for the plants treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S. From the real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the treatment with Pseudomonas sp. 23S alone was found to trigger a significant increase in the level of PR1a transcripts in tomato plants. When the plants were treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S and inoculated with Cmm, the level of PR1a and ACO transcripts were increased, and this response was faster and greater as compared to plants inoculated with Cmm but not treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S. Overall, the results suggested the involvement of SA signaling pathways for ISR induced by Pseudomonas sp. 23S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Ahila NK, Prakash S, Manikandan B, Ravindran J, Prabhu NM, Kannapiran E. Bio-prospecting of coral (Porites lutea) mucus associated bacteria, Palk Bay reefs, Southeast coast of India. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:113-123. [PMID: 29038057 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coral mucus is one of the key localization in the coral holobiont, as this serves as an energy rich substrate for a wide range of abundant, diverse and multifunctional microbiota. However, very little is known about the functional role of bacterial communities in their associations with corals. In the present study, a total of 48 isolates were obtained from Porites lutea wherein the genus of Bacillus sp. and Vibrio sp. were predominant. Bio-prospecting the coral mucus revealed the existence of (10.42%) antagonistic bacteria against the tested bacterial pathogens. Molecular taxonomy (16S rRNA) proved the identity of these antagonistic bacteria belong to Enterobacter cloacae (CM1), Bacillus subtilis (CM2), Bacillus sp. (CM11) and Bacillus marisflavi (CM12). The secondary screening emphasized that the ethyl acetate extract of B. subtilis showed strong antagonistic effect, followed by the chloroform extract of E. cloacae and ethyl acetate extract of B. marisflavi. The antagonistic activity was statistically confirmed by Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The privileged coral mucus associated bacterial (CMAB) solvent extracts inhibited the bacterial pathogens at 100 μg/ml (MIC) and ceased the growth at 200 μg/ml (MBC). The hemolytic and brine shrimp lethality assays disclosed the non-toxic nature of solvent extracts of CMAB. Altogether, the present investigation brought out the diversity of bacteria associated with the mucus of P. lutea. In addition, bio-prospecting corroborated the CMAB as the potential source of pharmacologically important bioactive compounds against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Ahila
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Virudhunagar, 626 123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Manikandan
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Biological Oceanography Division, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - J Ravindran
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Corrosion Testing Centre, Mandapam Camp, 623519, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N M Prabhu
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E Kannapiran
- Department of Zoology, Directorate of Distance Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Guo M, Wu F, Hao G, Qi Q, Li R, Li N, Wei L, Chai T. Bacillus subtilis Improves Immunity and Disease Resistance in Rabbits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:354. [PMID: 28424690 PMCID: PMC5372816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been successfully used to promote growth and prevent diseases. Previous reports have demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) was a potential probiotic for animals. In this research, 180 B. subtilis were isolated from the soil, identified, and investigated in vitro. Furthermore, five B. subtilis were selected and mixed to investigate their effect on growth performance, immune response, intestine microbiota, and disease resistance in rabbits. Rabbits with a diet of 106 CFU g-1 mixed B. subtilis exhibited the best growth performance and higher serum IgG and IgA than controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, dairy with B. subtilis can promote the balance of intestinal flora. The major proinflammatory factor and β-defensin were upregulated compared with the controls. After 7 weeks of feeding, the survival rate of the rabbits fed with B. subtilis was significantly higher than those in the control groups postinfected with Escherichia coli. At the same time, this study detected higher expression of β-defensin and reduced bacteria contents of the heart and cecal contents from the diet mixed with B. subtilis compared with the control groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilis for rabbits could improve growth performance, intestinal homeostasis, and immune organ index and enhance innate immune response as well as disease resistance. These findings showed that the induction of β-defensin by B. subtilis might be an interesting new therapeutic strategy to strengthen innate defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Fahao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
| | - Guangen Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
| | - Qin Qi
- Tai’an City Central Hospital, Tai’an City, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Tai’an City, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an City, China
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