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Chen ZH, Guan M, Zhao WJ. Effects of resveratrol on macrophages after phagocytosis of Candida glabrata. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151589. [PMID: 37952279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is believed to be the underlying cause of many human ailments, including oral, gastrointestinal, and vaginal disorders. C. glabrata-caused deep-seated infections, coupled with its resistance to antifungal drugs, may contribute to a high mortality rate. Resveratrol is a polyphenol and can achieve better therapeutic effects when administered in combination with micafungin, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of varying doses of resveratrol on the proliferation, apoptosis, and activity of macrophages, which were co-cultured with micafungin-pretreated C. glabrata. Resveratrol can restore the decreased proliferative activity of macrophages caused by the phagocytosis of C. glabrata. Further investigations demonstrated that this restoration ability exhibited a dose-dependent manner, reaching the highest level at 200 µM of resveratrol. Resveratrol tended to be more effective in inhibiting macrophage apoptosis and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels with concentration increases. In addition, at medium concentrations, resveratrol may down-regulate the expression of most inflammatory cytokines, whereas at high concentrations, it started to exert pro-inflammatory functions by up-regulating their expressions. Macrophages may shift from an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype to an inflammatory (M1) phenotype by resveratrol at 200 µM, and from M1 to M2 at 400 µM. Our research shows that resveratrol with micafungin are effective in treating C. glabrata infections. The resveratrol-micafungin combination can reduce the production of ROS, and promote the proliferation, inhibit the apoptosis, and activate the polarization of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This study offers insights into how this combination works and may provide possible direction for further clinical application of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Chen
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Guan
- Ophthalmology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Jia Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Miao Y, Ding T, Liu Y, Zhou X, Du J. The Yeast and Hypha Phases of Candida krusei Induce the Apoptosis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via Distinct Signaling Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3222. [PMID: 37893947 PMCID: PMC10603689 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Candida spp. is a significant cause of bovine mastitis globally. We previously found that C. krusei was the main pathogen causing mycotic mastitis in dairy cows in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. However, whether the infection of this pathogen could induce apoptosis in BMECs remained unclear. In this report, we explored the apoptosis and underlying mechanism of BMECs induced by C. krusei yeast and hypha phases using a pathogen/host cell co-culture model. Our results revealed that both the yeast and hypha phases of C. krusei could induce BMEC apoptosis; however, the yeast phase induced more cell apoptosis than the hypha phase, as assessed via electronic microscopy and flow cytometry assays. This finding was further corroborated via the measurement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the TUNEL test. Infection by both the yeast and hypha phases of C. krusei greatly induced the expression of proteins associated with cell death pathways and important components of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, including TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, as determined via a Western blotting assay. BMECs mainly underwent apoptosis after infection by the C. krusei yeast phase through a mitochondrial pathway. Meanwhile, BMEC apoptosis induced by the C. krusei hypha phase was regulated by a death ligand/receptor pathway. In addition, C. krusei-induced BMEC apoptosis was regulated by both the TLR2/ERK and JNK/ERK signaling pathways. These data suggest that the yeast phase and hypha phase of C. krusei induce BMEC apoptosis through distinct cell signaling pathways. This study represents a unique perspective on the molecular processes underlying BMEC apoptosis in response to C. krusei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Miao
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tao Ding
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jun Du
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Liu J, Wang W, Kong N, Yu S, Dong M, Yang W, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Song L. A pattern recognition receptor CgTLR3 involves in regulating the proliferation of haemocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104762. [PMID: 37353060 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity, and they also play significant roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the binding activity of CgTLR3 to PAMPs and CgMyD88-2, and its role in mediating the proliferation of haemocytes was investigated. The recombinant proteins of the extracellular six LRR domains (rCgTLR3-LRR) and intracellular TIR domain (rCgTLR3-TIR) of CgTLR3 were obtained respectively. rCgTLR3-LRR exhibited binding activity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), mannan (MAN) and Poly (I:C), with the highest affinity for LPS. While rCgTLR3-TIR displayed binding activity to the recombinant protein of rCgMyD88-2, with KD value of 7.22 × 10-7 M. The CgTLR3 mRNA and protein were detected in three subpopulations of oyster haemocytes, and they were mainly concentrated in granulocytes, which was 7.27-fold (p < 0.05) of that in semi-granulocytes and 8.51-fold (p < 0.01) of that in agranulocytes. The percentage of CgTLR3 positive cells (FITC+ haemocytes) in granulocytes was 4.45-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.57-fold (p < 0.05) of that in agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes, respectively. After Vibrio splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgTLR3 in haemocytes significantly upregulated at 6 h and 12 h, which was 2.93-fold (p < 0.05) and 4.15-fold (p < 0.05) of that in the control group. After the expression of CgTLR3 was inhibited by the injection of si-CgTLR3, the expression levels of transcription factors associated with hematopoiesis (CgGATA, CgRunx), cell cycle-related genes (CgPCNA, CgCDC-45, CgCDK-2), the agranulocyte marker CgCD-9, the granulocyte marker CgAATase, and the inflammatory factor CgIL17-1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after the V. splendidus stimulation, which were 0.43-fold, 0.83-fold, 0.48-fold, 0.44-fold, 0.53-fold, 0.7-fold, 0.62-fold, and 0.47-fold of that in NC + V. s group in vivo, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of EdU+ haemocytes in si-CgTLR3+V. s group was significantly reduced by 0.54-fold (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (2.7%). These results collectively indicated that CgTLR3 was involved in modulating the proliferation of haemocytes by regulating the expression of proliferation-related genes and inflammatory factor in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Regulation of Macrophage Polarization by miR-449a/Cripto-1-PI3K/AKT/NF- κB Signaling Pathway in Allogeneic Transfusion Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1277258. [PMID: 36644162 PMCID: PMC9839401 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1277258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the expression of Cripto-1 and the role of macrophage polarization in immune response after allogeneic transfusion were analyzed by constructing a mouse model of allogeneic transfusion. In order to analyze the effects of miR-449a on the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of downstream related regulatory factors under normal and abnormal conditions, we adopt in vitro and in vivo experiments separately. The molecular mechanism of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed by blocking or activating gene expression and western blotting. Experiment in vitro has confirmed that inhibition of miR-449a increased the protein expression of Cripto-1. In vivo experiments confirmed that allogeneic transfusion reduced the expression of Cripto-1, which further inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway through AKT/PI3K phosphorylation, regulated macrophage polarization, inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages, promoted M2 polarization, and thus affected immune response of the body.
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Rasheed M, Battu A, Kaur R. Host-pathogen interaction in Candida glabrata infection: current knowledge and implications for antifungal therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1093-1103. [PMID: 32668993 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata poses a clinical challenge in the successful treatment of invasive Candida infections, owing to its low inherent susceptibility toward azole antifungals and the recent acquisition of coresistance toward azole and echinocandin drugs. Compared to other prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. glabrata neither exhibits secreted proteolytic activity nor invokes a strong immune response in a variety of host cells and is less virulent. It also does not form true hyphae, and the success of C. glabrata, therefore, as a prevalent human fungal pathogen, appears to be built upon a distinct set of virulence attributes. AREAS COVERED The focus of this review is to outline, in brief, the interaction of C. glabrata with the host, deduced from the knowledge gained from different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo model systems. In addition, we briefly discuss the current antifungals, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and the development of new antifungal therapies, along with the available information on the host response. EXPERT OPINION A detailed understanding of stresses, selection pressures and differential immune responses in the presence and absence of antifungals that C. glabrata encounters in varied niches of the host, is required to design effective antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashshir Rasheed
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
| | - Anamika Battu
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad, India
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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Luo X, Zhang X, Gan L, Zhou C, Zhao T, Zeng T, Liu S, Xiao Y, Yu J, Zhao F. The outer membrane protein Tp92 of Treponema pallidum induces human mononuclear cell death and IL-8 secretion. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6039-6054. [PMID: 30596396 PMCID: PMC6237608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum is the pathogen that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease; however, the pathogenic mechanism of this organism remains unclear. Tp92 is the only T. pallidum outer membrane protein that has structural features similar to the outer membrane proteins of other Gram-negative bacteria, but the exact functions of this protein remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that the recombinant Tp92 protein can induce human mononuclear cell death. Tp92 mediated the human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monicytic leukemia patient (THP-1) cell death by recognizing CD14 and/or TLR2 on cell surfaces. After the stimulation of THP-1 cells by the Tp92 protein, Tp92 may induce atypical pyroptosis of THP-1 cells via the pro-caspase-1 pathway. Meanwhile, this protein caused the apoptosis of THP-1 cells via the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/caspase-8/aspase-3 pathway. Tp92 reduced the number of monocytes among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, further research showed that Tp92 failed to increase the tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP)-1 levels but slightly elevated the IL-8 levels via the Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB pathway in THP-1 cells. The data suggest that Tp92 recognizes CD14 and TLR2, transfers the signal to a downstream pathway, and activates NF-κB to mediate the production of IL-8. This mechanism may help T. pallidum escape recognition and elimination by the host innate immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Caspase 1/genetics
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/microbiology
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/genetics
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Syphilis/genetics
- Syphilis/microbiology
- Syphilis/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Treponema pallidum/genetics
- Treponema pallidum/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Histology and EmbryologySchool of MedicineUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Lin Gan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Chenglong Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Tie Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Yongjian Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Jian Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Feijun Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
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