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Ju S, Tan Y, Wang Q, Zhou L, Wang K, Wen C, Wang M. Antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of esculin and esculetin (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:248. [PMID: 38682114 PMCID: PMC11046185 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a deciduous tree, which is distributed worldwide and has important medicinal value. In Asia, the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine called Qinpi. Esculetin is a coumarin compound derived from the bark of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb and its glycoside form is called esculin. The aim of the present study was to systematically review relevant literature on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin. Esculetin and esculin can promote the expression of various endogenous antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. This is associated with the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory effects of esculetin and esculin are associated with the inhibition of the nuclear factor κ-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory signaling pathways. In various inflammatory models, esculetin and esculin can reduce the expression levels of various proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, thereby inhibiting the development of inflammation. In summary, esculetin and esculin may be promising candidates for the treatment of numerous diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, such as ulcerative colitis, acute lung and kidney injury, lung cancer, acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ju
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Youli Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chenghong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mingjian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Xu S, Chen Y, Miao J, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Liang J, Chen S, Hou S. Esculin inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis by activating the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155465. [PMID: 38471319 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis (LF) is a pathological process of the liver that threatens human health. Currently, effective treatments are still lacking. Esculin, a prominent constituent found in the Fraxinus rhynchophylla. (bark), Aesculus hippocastanum. (bark), and Cichorium intybus. (herb), has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. However, to date, there have been no studies investigating its potential efficacy in the treatment of LF. OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of esculin on LF and elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected intraperitoneally to induce LF in mice, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was injected to induce LX-2 cells to investigate the improvement effect of esculin on LF. Kit, histopathological staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blot (WB) were used to detect the expression of fiber markers and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) signaling pathway in liver tissue and LX-2 cells. Finally, molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) were used to verify the targeting between Nrf2 and esculin. RESULTS Esculin significantly inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in mice. This was evidenced by the improvement of liver function indexes, fibrosis indicators, and histopathology. Additionally, esculin treatment prominently reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and liver Fe2+ in CCl4-induced mice. In vitro studies also showed that esculin treatment significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced LX-2 cell activation and decreased alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I expression. Mechanism experiments proved that esculin can activate the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway and inhibit liver ferroptosis. However, when LX-2 cells were treated with the Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385), the therapeutic effect of esculin significantly decreased. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that esculin is a potential natural active ingredient in the treatment of LF, which can inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and improve LF. Its therapeutic effect is related to the activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoxi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Yonger Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jindian Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jian Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, PR China.
| | - Shaozhen Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Su Z, Gao M, Weng L, Xu T. Esculin targets TLR4 to protect against LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111897. [PMID: 38513575 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculin, a main active ingredient from Cortex fraxini, possesses biological activities such as anti-thrombosis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation effects. However, the effects of Esculin on septic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the protective properties and mechanisms of Esculin in countering sepsis-induced cardiac trauma and dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice model, Esculin could obviously improve heart injury and function. Esculin treatment also significantly reduced the production of inflammatory and apoptotic cells, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of oxidative stress-associated and apoptosis-associated markers in hearts compared to LPS injection alone. These results were consistent with those of in vitro experiments based on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Database analysis and molecular docking suggested that TLR4 was targeted by Esculin, as shown by stable hydrogen bonds formed between Esculin with VAL-308, ASN-307, CYS-280, CYS-304 and ASP-281 of TLR4. Esculin reversed LPS-induced upregulation of TLR4 and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in cardiomyocytes. The plasmid overexpressing TLR4 abolished the protective properties of Esculin in vitro. CONCLUSION We concluded that Esculin could alleviate LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy via binding to TLR4 to attenuate cardiomyocyte inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liqing Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Y, Liu L. Drug-drug interaction between danshensu and irbesartan and its potential mechanism. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:211-216. [PMID: 38591142 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2338183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
To uncover the effect of danshensu on irbesartan pharmacokinetics and its underlying mechanisms.To investigate the effect of danshensu on the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were orally administered 30 mg/kg irbesartan alone (control group) or pre-treated with 160 mg/kg danshensu (experimental group). The effect of danshensu on the metabolic stability of irbesartan in RLMs was examined by LC-MS/MS method. The effect of danshensu on CYP2C9 activity was also determined.Danshensu markedly increased the AUC(0-t) (9573 ± 441 vs. 16157 ± 559 μg/L*h) and Cmax (821 ± 24 vs. 1231 ± 44 μg/L) of irbesartan. Danshensu prolonged the t1/2 (13.39 ± 0.98 vs. 16.04 ± 1.21 h) and decreased the clearance rate (2.27 ± 0.14 vs. 1.19 ± 0.10 L/h/kg) of irbesartan. Danshensu enhanced the metabolic stability of irbesartan in vitro with prolonged t1/2 (36.34 ± 11.68 vs. 48.62 ± 12.03 min) and reduced intrinsic clearance (38.14 ± 10.24 vs. 28.51 ± 9.06 μL/min/mg protein). Additionally, the IC50 value for CYP2C9 inhibition by danshensu was 35.74 μM.Danshensu enhanced systemic exposure of irbesartan by suppressing CYP2C9. The finding can also serve as a guidance for further investigation of danshensu-irbesartan interaction in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Li
- Department of the Pharmacy, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liheng Liu
- Department of the Pharmacy, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Li M, Zhang J, Fang J, Xin Y, Zhu H, Ding X. Pre-administration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells has better therapeutic efficacy in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111672. [PMID: 38377851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by an intense systemic inflammatory response, single or multiple organ system failure and high mortality. However, specific and effective treatments for ALF patients are still lacking. According to the current investigation, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) have shown remarkable potential to enhance the functional recovery of injured livers. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of time-differentiated hUCMSCs administration regimens on ALF. METHODS The rat model of ALF was induced by D-galactosamine (D-gal), and hUCMSCs were administered via the tail vein 12 h before or 2 h after induction. The potential mechanisms of hUCMSCs in treatment of ALF, regulation cell subset and secretion of inflammatory factors, were verified by co-culturing with PBMCs in vitro. Liver function indicators were detected by an automatic biochemistry analyzer and inflammatory factors were obtained by ELISA detection. The distribution of hUCMSCs in rats after administration was followed by quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR. RESULTS The findings of the study discovered that administration of hUCMSCs 12 h prior to surgery could significantly improve the survival rate of rats, stabilize various liver function indicators in serum levels of ALT, AST, T-BIL, or ALB diminish inflammatory infiltration in liver tissue, and inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION Our data showed that pre-transplantation of hUCMSCs had a better therapeutic effect on ALF rats, providing empirical evidence for preclinical studies. Thus, the timing of hUCMSCs transplantation is necessary for the optimal clinical treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Sinoneural Cell Engineering Group Holdings., Co, Ltd, No.1188, Lianhang Road, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Jigang Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Cell Therapy, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Jingmeng Fang
- Sinoneural Cell Engineering Group Holdings., Co, Ltd, No.1188, Lianhang Road, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Yuan Xin
- Sinoneural Cell Engineering Group Holdings., Co, Ltd, No.1188, Lianhang Road, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Sinoneural Cell Engineering Group Holdings., Co, Ltd, No.1188, Lianhang Road, Shanghai 201100, PR China.
| | - Xueying Ding
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Cell Therapy, Shanghai 200080, PR China.
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Chen Y, Cheng W, Tang J, Xiao B, Kuang M, Xu L, Liu H. Mitigating cognitive impairment in aging mice: Exploring the therapeutic potential of ischelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 687:149173. [PMID: 37944469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
To deeply explore the intervention effects of ischelium on the cognitive memory decline in naturally aging mice and its potential mechanisms, we randomly divided mice into four groups: young control group (C), elderly group (M), ischelium low-dose group (L), and ischelium high-dose group (H). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. We employed the Y-maze test, open field test, and conditioned fear test to evaluate the memory functions of each group. Through HE staining and electron microscopy, we observed morphological changes in the mouse hippocampus. RT-PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of factors related to cognitive function in the hippocampus of elderly mice. We analyzed the changes in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α using elisa. Additionally, we examined the enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA in the hippocampus and analyzed the compositional changes of gut microbiota in mice using 16S technology. Our results indicate that ischelium effectively ameliorates cognitive impairments in elderly mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boneng Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liaoyi Xu
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hongying Liu
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China.
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Cai T, Cai B. Pharmacological activities of esculin and esculetin: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35306. [PMID: 37800835 PMCID: PMC10553009 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esculin and esculetin are 2 widely studied coumarin components of Cortex Fraxini, which is a well-known herbal medicine with a 2000-year history. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that both have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and so on. Their underlying mechanisms of action and biological activities include scavenging free radicals, modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, regulating the cell cycle, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and migration, promoting mitochondrial pathway apoptosis, inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, regulating CD4+ T cells differentiation and associated cytokine release, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cells, etc. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on pharmacological studies of esculin and esculetin, which is of noteworthy importance in exploring the therapeutic potential of both coumarin compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
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Ni J, Li G, Dai N, Quan Z, Tong H, Liu Y. Esculin alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and migration. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110177. [PMID: 37068336 PMCID: PMC10105132 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute lung injury (ALI) poses a serious threat to human health globally, particularly with the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Excessive recruitment and infiltration of neutrophils is the major etiopathogenesis of ALI. Esculin, also known as 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, is a remarkable compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine Cortex fraxini. Accumulated evidence indicates that esculin has potent anti-inflammatory effects, but its pharmaceutical effect against ALI and potential mechanisms are still unclear. METHODS This study evaluated the protective effect of esculin against ALI by histopathological observation and biochemical analysis of lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged ALI mice in vivo. The effects of esculin on N-formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP)-induced neutrophil migration and chemotaxis were quantitatively assessed using a Transwell assay and an automated cell imaging system equipped with a Zigmond chamber, respectively. The drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay, in vitro protein binding assay and molecular docking were performed to identify the potential therapeutic target of esculin and the potential binding sites and pattern. RESULTS Esculin significantly attenuated LPS-induced lung pathological injury, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both BALF and lung, and suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling. Esculin also significantly reduced the number of total cells and neutrophils as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the BALF. Esculin impaired neutrophil migration and chemotaxis as evidenced by the reduced migration distance and velocity. Furthermore, esculin remarkably inhibited Vav1 phosphorylation, suppressed Rac1 activation and the PAK1/LIMK1/cofilin signaling axis. Mechanistically, esculin could interact with β2 integrin and then diminish its ligand affinity with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). CONCLUSIONS Esculin inhibits β2 integrin-dependent neutrophil migration and chemotaxis, blocks the cytoskeletal remodeling process required for neutrophil recruitment, thereby contributing to its protective effect against ALI. This study demonstrates the new therapeutic potential of esculin as a novel lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, PR China
| | - Ningfeng Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325800, PR China
| | - Zijiao Quan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Haibin Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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Di Stasi LC. Natural Coumarin Derivatives Activating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as Lead Compounds for the Design and Synthesis of Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040511. [PMID: 37111267 PMCID: PMC10142712 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor related to stress response and cellular homeostasis that plays a key role in maintaining the redox system. The imbalance of the redox system is a triggering factor for the initiation and progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Nrf2 and its inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) are the main regulators of oxidative stress and their activation has been recognized as a promising strategy for the treatment or prevention of several acute and chronic diseases. Moreover, activation of Nrf2/keap signaling pathway promotes inhibition of NF-κB, a transcriptional factor related to pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, synchronically promoting an anti-inflammatory response. Several natural coumarins have been reported as potent antioxidant and intestinal anti-inflammatory compounds, acting by different mechanisms, mainly as a modulator of Nrf2/keap signaling pathway. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, this review focuses on the natural coumarins obtained from both plant products and fermentative processes of food plants by gut microbiota, which activate Nrf2/keap signaling pathway and produce intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. Although gut metabolites urolithin A and urolithin B as well as other plant-derived coumarins display intestinal anti-inflammatory activity modulating Nrf2 signaling pathway, in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary for better pharmacological characterization and evaluation of their potential as lead compounds. Esculetin, 4-methylesculetin, daphnetin, osthole, and imperatorin are the most promising coumarin derivatives as lead compounds for the design and synthesis of Nrf2 activators with intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. However, further structure-activity relationships studies with coumarin derivatives in experimental models of intestinal inflammation and subsequent clinical trials in health and disease volunteers are essential to determine the efficacy and safety in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology and Biotechnology (PhytoPharmaTech), Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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Ding Q, Chen K, Liu X, Ding C, Zhao Y, Sun S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu W. Modification of taxifolin particles with an enteric coating material promotes repair of acute liver injury in mice through modulation of inflammation and autophagy signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113242. [PMID: 35691160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Taxifolin (TAX) is a flavanol compound with hepatoprotective effect, but its application is severely limited by its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Therefore, it is important to urgently find a method to improve the oral bioavailability of TAX. METHODS In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate modified taxifolin liposomes (HPMCAS-TAX-Lips) were prepared by a thin-film dispersion method, and a series of physicochemical properties of the liposomes were studied. The cumulative in vitro release rates of free TAX, taxifolin liposomes (TAX-Lips), and HPMCAS-TAX-Lips in the simulated gastrointestinal fluid were measured by in vitro release experiments, and the effect of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips on the human hepatoellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells was detected by MTT assay. Finally, the hepatoprotective mechanism of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips was explored through in vivo experiments. RESULTS The results showed that the particle size of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips was 100.44 ± 2.85 nm, the zeta potential was - 51.13 ± 0.57 mV, the PDI was 0.170 ± 0.088, and the EE was 87.9 ± 3.73%. The in vitro release results showed that the cumulative release rates of TAX-Lips and HPMCAS-TAX-Lips in simulated gastric fluid for 24 h were 92.60 ± 5.31% and 66.91 ± 1.20%, respectively. The cumulative release rates in simulated intestinal fluid for 24 h were 72.61 ± 4.38% and 53.94 ± 3.2%, respectively. The results of cytotoxicity experiments proved that HPMCAS-TAX-Lips had a significant inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments further showed that HPMCAS-TAX-Lips significantly improved the survival rate of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury mice and exerted hepatoprotective effects by regulating the expression of autophagy proteins and inhibiting the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study proved the significant hepatoprotective effect of HMPCAS-TAX-Lips and provided a new idea for the application of TAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiteng Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kecheng Chen
- Starsky Medical Research Center, 136001 Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Goldenwell Biotech, Inc, 50 West Liberty Street, Suite 880, Reno , NV 89501 USA.
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Ding Q, Liu W, Liu X, Ding C, Zhao Y, Dong L, Chen H, Sun S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu M. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Modified Taxifolin Liposomes Promote Liver Repair by Modulating Autophagy to Inhibit Activation of the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:860515. [PMID: 35721857 PMCID: PMC9199375 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.860515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxifolin (TAX) is a hepatoprotective flavanol compound, which is severely limited by poor solubility and low bioavailability. Liposomes (Lips) are used as well-recognized drug carrier systems that improve the water solubility and bioavailability of drugs, but are easily damaged by gastric juice after oral administration, resulting in the release of drugs in the gastric juice. Therefore, it is important to find materials that modify liposomes and avoid the destruction of the liposomal phospholipid bilayer structure by the gastrointestinal environment. Taxifolin liposomes (TAX-Lips) were modified by polyvinylpyrrolidone-k30 (PVP-TAX-Lips) and manufactured using a thin-film hydration technique. Particle size (109.27 ± 0.50 nm), zeta potential (−51.12 ± 3.79 mV), polydispersity coefficient (PDI) (0.189 ± 0.007), and EE (84.7 ± 0.2%) of PVP-TAX-Lips were studied. In addition, the results of in vitro release experiments indicated that the cumulative release rates of TAX-Lips and PVP-TAX-Lips were 89.73 ± 5.18% and 65.66 ± 4.86% in the simulated gastric fluid after 24 h, respectively, while the cumulative release rates were 68.20 ± 4.98% and 55.66 ± 3.92% in the simulated intestinal fluid after 24 h, respectively. Moreover, PVP-TAX-Lips were able to reverse lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) by inducing autophagy to inhibit the expression levels of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory factors, which suggested that PVP-TAX-Lips played an important role in the prevention of ALI and also provided a promising drug delivery system for the application of TAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiteng Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Dong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Wu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Wu,
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12
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Li C, Li J, Lai J, Liu Y. The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of esculin: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2434-2448. [PMID: 35599456 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐xiao Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jing‐chun Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jiang Lai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery Third People's Hospital of Chengdu Chengdu China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
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13
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Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wang B, He X, Tang J, Peng W, Zhou J, Wang Y. Flammulinavelutipes Polysaccharides Modulate Gut Microbiota and Alleviate Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Injury in Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847653. [PMID: 35401429 PMCID: PMC8986159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury mouse model is used to study the regulation of gut microbiota and hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes (FVPs). The hepatoprotective effect of the FVPs leads to reduced levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), total bile acid (TBA) content, and change in liver histopathology. Their anti-oxidant activity is exhibited by decreased levels of hepatic malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) content and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content. The anti-inflammatory ability of the FVPs is reflected in a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α). 16S rRNA sequencing shows that the FVPs change the composition of the gut microbiota. A subsequent metabolomics analysis of the gut bacteria (UHPLC–MS/MS-based) revealed that fatty acid biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 play important roles in the hepatoprotective effect. This study provides a potential way to modulate gut microbiota and manage liver diseases using natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyin Xu
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan He
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Preservation and Processing, Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Wang,
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Wang Y, Cheng Q, Su Q, Yu X, Shen T, Yang X, Jia W. Aesculin offers increased resistance against oxidative stress and protective effects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174755. [PMID: 35016885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aesculin, a coumarin compound, is one of the major active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Qinpi (Cortex Fraxini), which has been reported to exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms remain poorly characterized in vivo. This research was performed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms behind aesculin response conferring oxidative stress resistance, and the protective effects on amyloid-β (Aβ)-mediated neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Study indicated that aesculin plays the protective roles for C. elegans against oxidative stress and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity and reduces the elevated ROS and MDA contents through enhancement of antioxidant defenses. The KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in longevity regulating pathway, and the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and the RNAi of daf-16 and hsf-1 indicated that DAF-16 and HSF-1 play critical roles in integrating upstream signals and inducing the expressions of stress resistance-related genes. Furthermore, the up-regulated expressions of their target genes such as sod-3 and hsp-16.2 were confirmed in transgenic GFP reporter strains CF1553 and CL2070, respectively. These results indicated that the regulators DAF-16 and HSF-1 elevate the stress resistance of C. elegans by modulating stress-responsive genes. Further experiments revealed that aesculin is capable of suppressing Aβ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and improves chemosensory behavior dysfunction in Aβ-transgenic nematodes. In summary, this study suggested that aesculin offers increased resistance against oxidative stress and protective effects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity through activation of stress regulators DAF-16 and HSF-1 in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qina Su
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuesong Yu
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianqi Shen
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weizhang Jia
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Qureshi MA, Akbar M, Amir M, Javed S. Molecular interactions of esculin with bovine serum albumin and recognition of binding sites with spectroscopy and molecular docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2630-2644. [PMID: 35139760 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2036238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Esculin is structurally a hydroxycoumarin found in various medicinal plants. This study investigates the binding mode of esculin with bovine serum albumin by employing numerous spectroscopic studies and molecular docking approaches. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy revealed ground state complex formation between esculin and bovine serum albumin. At the same time, steady-state fluorescence studies showed quenching in the fluorescence emission spectra of BSA in the presence of esculin. To get insight into the location of the binding pocket of esculin on BSA, warfarin and ibuprofen site markers were used. Competitive site marker displacement assay revealed that esculin binds to Sudlow's site I (subdomain IIA) in bovine serum albumin. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interaction stabilizes the esculin-BSA complex. Förster's non-radiation energy transfer analysis described the high propensity of energy transfer between bovine serum albumin and esculin. The molecular docking approach facilitated locating the binding pocket, amino acid residues involved, types of interacting forces, and binding energy (ΔG) between esculin and BSA. Circular dichroism revealed the effect of the binding of esculin on the secondary structure and helped understand the thermal unfolding profile of BSA in the presence of esculin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aamir Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mahmood Akbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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17
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Ma C, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Li Y. Potential Natural Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:846-861. [PMID: 34923950 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666211217120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a kind of metabolic stress-induced liver injury closely related to insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility, and there is no specific drug for its clinical treatment currently. In recent years, a large amount of literature has reported that many natural compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can improve NAFLD through various mechanisms. According to the latest reports, some emerging natural compounds have shown great potential to improve NAFLD but are seldom used clinically due to the lacking special research. PURPOSE This paper aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of the potential natural compounds on improving NAFLD, thus providing a direction and basis for further research on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the development of effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. METHODS By searching various online databases, such as Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, and CNKI, NAFLD and these natural compounds were used as the keywords for detailed literature retrieval. RESULTS The pathogenesis of NAFLD and the molecular mechanisms of the potential natural compounds on improving NAFLD have been reviewed. CONCLUSION Many natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicine have a good prospect in the treatment of NAFLD, which can serve as a direction for the development of anti-NAFLD drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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Yang XD, Chen Z, Ye L, Chen J, Yang YY. Esculin protects against methionine choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating the Sirt1/NF- κB p65 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:922-932. [PMID: 34243681 PMCID: PMC8274538 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1945112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Esculin, an active coumarin compound, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study explored the hepatoprotective effect and the molecular mechanism of esculin in methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: control, model, low dosage esculin (oral, 20 mg/kg), high dosage esculin (oral, 40 mg/kg), and silybin (oral, 105 mg/kg). All animals were fed a MCD diet, except those in the control group (control diet), for 6 weeks. RESULTS Esculin (20 and 40 mg/kg) inhibited MCD diet-induced hepatic lipid content (triglyceride: 16.95 ± 0.67 and 14.85 ± 0.78 vs. 21.21 ± 1.13 mg/g; total cholesterol: 5.10 ± 0.34 and 4.08 ± 0.47 vs. 7.31 ± 0.58 mg/g), fibrosis, and inflammation (ALT: 379.61 ± 40.30 and 312.72 ± 21.45 vs. 559.51 ± 37.01 U/L; AST: 428.22 ± 34.29 and 328.23 ± 23.21 vs. 579.36 ± 31.93 U/L). In vitro, esculin reduced tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, fibronectin, and collagen 4A1 levels, but had no effect on lipid levels in HepG2 cells induced by free fatty acid. Esculin increased Sirt1 expression levels and decreased NF-κB acetylation levels in vivo and in vitro. Interfering with Sirt1 expression attenuated the beneficial effect of esculin on inflammatory and fibrotic factor production in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that esculin ameliorates MCD diet-induced NASH by regulating the Sirt1/ac-NF-κB signalling pathway. Esculin could thus be employed as a therapy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ding Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Xu XN, Jiang Y, Yan LY, Yin SY, Wang YH, Wang SB, Fang LH, Du GH. Aesculin suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis via the Akt/GSK3β/NF-κB pathway to mitigate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153687. [PMID: 34482222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aesculin (AES), an effective component of Cortex fraxini, is a hydroxycoumarin glucoside that has diverse biological properties. The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been heavily interwoven with the development of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether AES makes a difference to the changes of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MIRI. PURPOSE We used rats that were subjected to MIRI and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) that underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R) process to investigate what impacts AES exerts on MIRI and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. METHODS The establishment of MIRI model in rats was conducted using the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 0.5 h ischemia and then untying the knot for 4 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, AES were administered intraperitoneally using 10 and 30 mg/kg doses. We evaluated the development of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias, hemodynamic changes, infarct size, and the biomarkers in myocardial injury. The inflammatory mediators and pyroptosis were also assessed. AES at the concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 μM were imposed on the NRCMs immediately before the restoration process. We also determined the cell viability and cell death in the NRCMs exposed to OGD/R insult. Furthermore, we also analyzed the levels of proteins that affect the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and the AKT serine/threonine kinase (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via western blotting. RESULTS We found that AES notably attenuated reperfusion arrhythmias and myocardia damage, improved the hemodynamic function, and ameliorated the inflammatory response and pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in rats and NRCMs. Additionally, AES reduced the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats and NRCMs. AES also enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β, while suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB. Moreover, the allosteric Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, abolished the AES-mediated cardioprotection and the NLRP3 inflammasome suppression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that AES effectively protected cardiomyocytes against MIRI by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, which may relate to the upregulated Akt activation and disruption of the GSK3β/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.; Regional inspection fourth branch of Shandong medical products administration, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264010, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liu-Yan Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Su-Yue Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shou-Bao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Lian-Hua Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China..
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Fan W, Yu X, Li K, Zhu M. The alerting expression of microRNA-411 predicts clinical prognosis and regulates tumor progression of glioblastoma. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8650-8657. [PMID: 34606414 PMCID: PMC8806974 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1988365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant intracranial tumor with indispensable growth. Identification of biomarkers associated with the progression of tumors could benefit the clinical therapy of and improve patient’s survival. miR-411 has been reported to play a role in other cancers, while its function in glioblastoma has been explored in the present study. The expression of miR-411 was evaluated in glioblastoma tissues (collected from 108 glioblastoma patients) and cells by polymerase chain reaction. The clinical significance of miR-411 was estimated with a series of statistical analyses. The biological function of miR-411 in the cellular processes of glioblastoma was assessed by cell counting kit 8 and Transwell assay. The expression of miR-411 was significantly reduced in glioblastoma, which was associated with the Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) and Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) status of patients. miR-411 was identified as an independent prognostic indicator that correlated with the poor prognosis of patients. miR-411 suppressed the growth, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells via modulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). miR-411 participated in the development of glioblastoma and function as a prognostic biomarker. miR-411 functions as a tumor suppressor, which provides a novel potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Fan
- Department of Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Dongying Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Kunrong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingtao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Zhang T, Liu R. Dysregulation of miR-637 serves as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with carotid artery stenosis and predicts the occurrence of the cerebral ischemic event. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8658-8665. [PMID: 34606407 PMCID: PMC8806938 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1988369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aims to explore the relationship between circulating microRNA and carotid artery stenosis (CAS). To evaluate the diagnostic significance of miR-637 in CAS patients and its potential predictive value for cerebral ischemia events through clinical studies. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the differences in serum miR-637 between enrolled 97 CAS patients and 90 healthy individuals. Logistic regression analysis of the correlation between the level of miR-637 and the degree of carotid artery stenosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve evaluated the diagnostic significance of miR-637 in identifying CAS patients from healthy individuals. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression were used to evaluate the potential predictive ability of serum miR-637 levels during follow-up for cerebral ischemia events. Serum miR-637 of CAS patients was significantly reduced which was a good indicator of severe carotid stenosis (P < 0.001). Reduced miR-637 can identify CAS patients from healthy individuals, demonstrating strong diagnostic capabilities. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed that the lower miR-637 levels in CAS, the more cerebral ischemia events (log-rank, P = 0.035), and the Multivariate Cox regressions confirmed that miR-637 was an independent predictor of CAS patients (HR = 0.073, 95%CI = 0.017–0.313, P < 0.001). We confirmed that serum miR-637 in CAS patients was significantly reduced. And reduced miR-637 was not only a potentially reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of CAS but also a useful indicator for predicting future cerebral ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Vertigo Division, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
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22
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Yu Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhao L, Wang Y. Identification of anti-inflammatory compounds from Zhongjing formulae by knowledge mining and high-content screening in a zebrafish model of inflammatory bowel diseases. Chin Med 2021; 16:42. [PMID: 34059101 PMCID: PMC8166029 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing intestinal inflammations with increasing global incidence, and new drug development remains in urgent demand for IBD management. To identify effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae and compounds in IBD treatment, we innovatively combined the techniques of knowledge mining, high-content screening and high-resolution mass spectrometry, to conduct a systematic screening in Zhongjing formulae, which is a large collection of TCM prescriptions with most abundant clinical evidences. METHODS Using Word2vec-based text learning, the correlations between 248 Zhongjing formulae and IBD typical symptoms were analyzed. Next, from the top three formulae with predicted relationship with IBD, TCM fractions were prepared and screened on a transgenic zebrafish IBD model for their therapeutic effects. Subsequently, the chemical compositions of the fraction hits were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and the major compounds were further studied for their anti-IBD effects and potential mechanisms. RESULTS Through knowledge mining, Peach Blossom Decoction, Pulsatilla Decoction, and Gegen Qinlian Decoction were predicted to be the three Zhongjing formulae mostly related to symptoms typical of IBD. Seventy-four fractions were prepared from the three formulae and screened in TNBS-induced zebrafish IBD model by high-content analysis, with the inhibition on the intestinal neutrophil accumulation and ROS level quantified as the screening criteria. Six herbal fractions showed significant effects on both pathological processes, which were subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine their chemical composition. Based on the major compounds identified by mass spectrometry, a second-round screen was conducted and six compounds (palmatine, daidzin, oroxyloside, chlorogenic acid, baicalin, aesculin) showed strong inhibitory effects on the intestinal inflammation phenotypes. The expression of multiple inflammatory factors, including il1β, clcx8a, mmp and tnfα, were increased in TNBS-treated fish, which were variously inhibited by the compounds, with aesculin showing the most potent effects. Moreover, aesculin and daidzin also upregulated e-cadherin's expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, we demonstrated the regulatory effects of several TCM formulae and their active compounds in the treatment of IBD, through a highly efficient research strategy, which can be applied in the discovery of effective TCM formulae and components in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Yu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Zaragozá C, Zaragozá F, Gayo-Abeleira I, Villaescusa L. Antiplatelet Activity of Coumarins: In Vitro Assays on COX-1. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103036. [PMID: 34069658 PMCID: PMC8161015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in developing new potent and safe antiplatelet agents. Coumarins are a family of polyphenolic compounds with several pharmacological activities, including platelet aggregation inhibition. However, their antiplatelet mechanism of action needs to be further elucidated. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms involved in this activity, as well as to establish a structure-activity relationship for these compounds. With this purpose, the antiplatelet aggregation activities of coumarin, esculetin and esculin were determined in vitro in human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma, to set the potential interference with the arachidonic acid cascade. Here, the platelet COX activity was evaluated from 0.75 mM to 6.5 mM concentration by measuring the levels of metabolites derived from its activity (MDA and TXB2), together with colorimetric assays performed with the pure recombinant enzyme. Our results evidenced that the coumarin aglycones present the greatest antiplatelet activity at 5 mM and 6.5 mM on aggregometry experiments and inhibiting MDA levels.
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Chu H, Wang J, Wang Q, Chen J, Li J, Li H, Zhang L. Protective Effect of n-Butanol Extract from Viola yedoensis on Immunological Liver Injury. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2001043. [PMID: 33929783 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viola yedoensis Makino was used to treat inflammation, viral hepatitis, acute pyogenic infection, and ulcerative carbuncles. However, the protective effect on immunological liver injury (ILI) of V. yedoensis had been rarely reported. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of n-butanol extract (BE) from V. yedoensis on ILI in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the BE significantly inhibited the secretions of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the HepG2.2.15 cells and the replication of HBV DNA. The research data in vivo revealed that the BE reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in liver tissues of the ConA-induced mice, while increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and the effective contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the BE could ameliorate liver histological lesions. These results motivated a further investigation into the chemical constituents of BE. Four coumarins (esculetin, prionanthoside, cichoriin, and esculin) and one flavonoid (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) were isolated from the BE by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization, of which structures were eventually confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiexin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoning Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Hangying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
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25
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Meng XW, He CX, Chen X, Yang XS, Liu C. The extract of Gnaphalium affine D. Don protects against H 2O 2-induced apoptosis by targeting PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113579. [PMID: 33189844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gnaphalium affine D. Don is an important Traditional Chinese herbal Medicine (TCM) used to treat hyperuricemia, asthma, rheumatic arthritis, antitussive, expectorant and cardiovascular in folk medicine because of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effect of G. affine extract (GAE) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis and explore the possible underlying mechanism in cardiomyocyte. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ingredients of GAE were isolated and tentatively identified by HPLC-ESI-Q-Qribatrip-MS/MS. The cardioprotective and anti-oxidant effects of GAE were evaluated in the experimental model with H2O2 induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were pretreated for 3 h with or without GAE or with GAE plus PX866 (PI3K inhibitor), then exposed to H2O2 for 6 h, H9c2 cells viability were detected by CCK8 kit, the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by the commercial biochemical kits, western blotting, immunohistochemical (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were performed to evaluate the proteins and mRNA expression, propidium iodide (PI) staining was adopted to indicate H9c2 cells apoptosis. RESULTS Firstly, seventeen polyphenols and flavonoids compounds with the characteristics of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant in GAE were tentatively identified by HPLC-ESI-Q-Qribatrip-MS/MS. In the experimental model, GAE not only significantly improved cells viability, but also showed anti-oxidant effects through improving SOD activity, up-regulating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and decreasing intracellular concentration of ROS and MDA and the proteins expression of p47phox, p67phox and gp91phox. On the other hand, GAE revealed anti-apoptotic effect through up-regulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), down-regulating Bcl2-associated X (BAX) and cleaved-caspase 3. Furthermore, GAE significantly facilitated phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) but not AMPK, while the effects were blocked by PX866 (PI3K inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that GAE showed strong anti-oxidant effect to ameliorate oxidative stress and attenuate apoptosis induced by H2O2 in H9c2 cells by targeting PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Can-Xia He
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Xiao-Song Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
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Di Stasi LC. Coumarin Derivatives in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020422. [PMID: 33467396 PMCID: PMC7830946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory process of the gut and categorized into Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both currently without definitive pharmacological treatment and cure. The unclear etiology of IBD is a limiting factor for the development of new drugs and explains the high frequency of refractory patients to current drugs, which are also related to various adverse effects, mainly after long-term use. Dissatisfaction with current therapies has promoted an increased interest in new pharmacological approaches using natural products. Coumarins comprise a large class of natural phenolic compounds found in fungi, bacteria, and plants. Coumarin and its derivatives have been reported as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, potentially useful as complementary therapy of the IBD. These compounds produce protective effects in intestinal inflammation through different mechanisms and signaling pathways, mainly modulating immune and inflammatory responses, and protecting against oxidative stress, a central factor for IBD development. In this review, we described the main coumarin derivatives reported as intestinal anti-inflammatory products and its available pharmacodynamic data that support the protective effects of these products in the acute and subchronic phase of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology (PhytoPharmaTech), Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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27
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Tian L, Liang C, Fu C, Qiang T, Liu Y, Ju X, Shi Z, Xia J, Li H. Esculin and ferric citrate-incorporated sturgeon skin gelatine as an antioxidant film for food packaging to prevent Enterococcus faecalis contamination. Food Funct 2020; 11:9129-9143. [PMID: 33026011 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a sturgeon skin gelatine film combined with esculin and ferric citrate was developed as an edible food packaging material to prevent Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) contamination. E. faecalis is able to hydrolyse esculin in the film, and then the hydrolysed product, esculetin, combines with ferric citrate to form a brown-black phenol iron complex. This phenomenon can be observed easily after 48 h of contamination under visible light, and it can be determined under 365 nm ultraviolet light with high sensitivity. With the addition of esculin and ferric citrate, the film showed better mechanical properties and water vapour permeability than those of the unmodified gelatine. When an increased amount of esculin was added, an increase in thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antioxidant stability of the film was observed. These physicochemical characteristics are beneficial for developing a packaging material for food storage that mitigates foodborne illness caused by E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China and College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China.
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xingke Ju
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, Xinjiang Uyghur People's Hospital, Urumqi, 830002, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, P.R. China
| | - Han Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
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28
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Idris S, Mishra A, Khushtar M. Phytochemical, ethanomedicinal and pharmacological applications of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. towards future medicine. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0115/jbcpp-2019-0115.xml. [PMID: 32649293 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are used from ancient times for treatment of various ailments. Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut), is the popular and most valuable tree native to the South East Europe. It's seed extracts and their concentrates contain phytocompounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoid saponin glycosides (escin), epicatechin, tannins, kaempferol, esculin, fraxin, carbohydrate, essential fatty acids (linoleic acid), oleic acid and purine bases (adenine and guanine). Due to these vital phyto-constituents, horse chestnut is used in phytomedicine for the prevention and treatment of diverse disorders as in venous congestion in leg ulcers, bruises, arthritis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, phlebitis etc. We collected the pharmacological applications of Aesculus hippocastanum L. extracts and escin as the cheif bioactive compound and their uses in traditionally and clinically for the management of various disorders. This review describes the efficacy of A. hippocastanum L. extracts and their bioactive compounds. So in the furtue this plant may be useful for the alternative treatment measure for various ailments via incorporating either extract or escin into novel delivery systems for improving the social health in future and would provide improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Idris
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Mishra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Khushtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Coumarins as Modulators of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1675957. [PMID: 32377290 PMCID: PMC7196981 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1675957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Keap1/Nrf2/ARE system is a central defensive mechanism against oxidative stress which plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor controlling a variety of downstream antioxidant and cytodefensive genes. Nrf2 has a powerful anti-inflammatory activity mediated via modulating NF-κB. Therefore, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment/prevention of several diseases that are underlined by both oxidative stress and inflammation. Coumarins are natural products with promising pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory efficacies. Coumarins are found in many plants, fungi, and bacteria and have been widely used as complementary and alternative medicines. Some coumarins have shown an ability to activate Nrf2 signaling in different cells and animal models. The present review compiles the research findings of seventeen coumarin derivatives of plant origin (imperatorin, visnagin, urolithin B, urolithin A, scopoletin, esculin, esculetin, umbelliferone, fraxetin, fraxin, daphnetin, anomalin, wedelolactone, glycycoumarin, osthole, hydrangenol, and isoimperatorin) as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, emphasizing the role of Nrf2 activation in their pharmacological activities. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were utilized to investigate the potential binding mode of these coumarins with Keap1 as a strategy to disrupt Keap1/Nrf2 protein-protein interaction and activate Nrf2 signaling.
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30
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Hao L, Liu MW, Gu ST, Huang X, Deng H, Wang X. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract ameliorates lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by attenuating the hedgehog signaling pathway via regulation of miR-124 expression. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:88. [PMID: 32178661 PMCID: PMC7076998 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedum sarmentosum is traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China. It has protective effects against acute liver injury, but the exact mechanism of such effects remains unclear. This study investigated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice and the mechanism of such effects. Methods Mice were randomly divided into control, treatment, model, and model treatment groups. Acute liver injury was induced in model mice via intraperitoneal injection of LPS and D-GalN with doses of 10 μg/kg of LPS and 500 mg/kg, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of miR-124, Hedgehog, Patched (Ptch), Smoothened (Smo), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) in liver tissues were determined through RT-PCR, and the protein levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, IkB-α, p-IkB-α, and NF-kB65 were evaluated via Western blot analysis. The serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and ICAM-1 were determined via ELISA. TLR4 and NF-κBp65 activity and the levels of DNA-bound NF-KB65 and TLR4 in LPS/D-GalN-induced liver tissues were also determined. We recorded the time of death, plotted the survival curve, and calculated the liver index. We then observed the pathological changes in liver tissue and detected the levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]) in the serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma inflammatory factors in the liver homogenate. Afterward, we evaluated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extracts on acute liver injury in mice. Results Results showed that after S. sarmentosum extract was administered, the expression level of miR-124 increased in liver tissues. However, the protein expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, p-Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, p-IκB-α, and NF-κB65 and the mRNA expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, and Gli decreased. The MPO level in the liver, the IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and MMP-9 levels in the plasma, and the serum ALT and AST levels also decreased, thereby reducing LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and improving the survival rate of liver-damaged animals within 24 h. Conclusions S. sarmentosum extract can alleviate LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice and improve the survival rate of mice. The mechanism may be related to the increase in miR-124 expression, decrease in Hedgehog and HMGB1 signaling pathway activities, and reduction in inflammatory responses in the liver. Hedgehog is a regulatory target for miR-124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hao
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Ming-Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Song-Tao Gu
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China.
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Xu R, Xiu L, Zhang Y, Du R, Wang X. Probiotic and hepatoprotective activity of lactobacillus isolated from Mongolian camel milk products. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:699-710. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The improving-intestinal-microbial-balance properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well known. Thus, LAB could play a vital role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In the present study, 107 LAB strains were isolated from Mongolian camel milk products and identified to species, then screened for their probiotic properties. As a result, we identified 71 Lactobacillus bacteria belonging to 9 different species, and 36 Lactococcus bacteria belonging to 8 different species. Among them, six strains of LAB with strong tolerance and adhesion ability were further studied for their protective effect on acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN). These six strains of LAB were fed to mice for 7 weeks, and on the final day of the experiment, LPS/D-GalN were used to induce acute liver injury. After challenging, the degree of liver pathological changes, secretion of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and liver, and the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the liver and intestines were observed and quantified. The results showed that the degree of liver pathological changes in mice fed with the six LAB strains were relieved to varying degrees compared with the LPS/D-GalN-induced model group, and the expressions of AST, ALT, IL-6, and TNF-α factor were also significantly decreased. Moreover, the expression levels of these factors in mice pretreated with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei WXD5 were significantly decreased compared with other experimental groups. This suggests the probiotic potential and pharmacological value of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei as a liver injury inhibitor in the intervention of inflammation-based liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.H. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 010070 Hohhot, China P.R
| | - L. Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 010070 Hohhot, China P.R
| | - Y.L. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 010070 Hohhot, China P.R
| | - R.P. Du
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Academy of Inner Mongolia, 010031 Hohhot, China P.R
| | - X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 010070 Hohhot, China P.R
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Zhu B, Li Y, Hu T, Zhang Y. The hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:1-9. [PMID: 30851331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus (POP) on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in rats. The hepatoprotective effect of POP against ALI was reflected by the decreased alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels in blood, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in blood and liver. TUNEL and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that TUNEL apoptosis cell rate and Bax, cytochrome C, caspase-3, caspase-9, and apoptosis-inducing factor expression levels were obviously decreased, whereas Bcl-2 expression levels obviously increased after POP treatment. A total of 11 metabolites belonging to energy, amino acid, fatty acid, and gut bacteria metabolism were identified as biomarkers by using metabolite analysis of liver homogenate based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. POP exhibited hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced ALI, and the underlying mechanism is correlated with antioxidants that regulate metabolic pathway disorders and alleviate liver mitochondria apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Calcium and Carbide Factory, Jilin Petrochemical Company, Jilin 132022, PR China
| | - Tao Hu
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of CNPC in Jilin, Jilin 132021, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China.
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