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Masoudi R, Mohammadi A, Morovati S, Heidari AA, Asad-Sangabi M. Induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by matrix protein of PPR virus as a novel anti-cancer agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125536. [PMID: 37369256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and highly malignant neoplasm, ranking as the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, non-human oncolytic viruses such as Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are considered as a potent candidate in the viral therapy of cancer. In the current study, the apoptotic effects of matrix (M) protein of PPRV was investigated on SW480 CRC cells. The M gene was cloned into the pcDNA™3.1/Hygro(+) expression vector and transfected into the cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of the M protein on SW480 cells were confirmed using MTT assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry results showed that the M protein induces apoptosis in 91 % of CRC cells. Interestingly, the expression of the M gene in SW480 cells led to the up-regulation of genes including Bax, p53, and Caspase-9, as well as an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. By using bioinformatics modeling, we hypothesized that the M protein could interact with Bax factor through its BH3-like motif and could further activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Ultimately, this study provided the first evidence of the pro-apoptotic activity of PPRV M protein indicating its possible development as a promising novel anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Masoudi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Heidari
- Division of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Asad-Sangabi
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Seki F, Takeda M. Novel and classical morbilliviruses: Current knowledge of three divergent morbillivirus groups. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:552-563. [PMID: 36151905 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, seven species of morbillivirus have been classified. Six of these species (Measles morbillivirus, Rinderpest morbillivirus, Small ruminant morbillivirus, Canine morbillivirus, Phocine morbillivirus, and Cetacean morbillivirus) are highly infectious and cause serious systemic diseases in humans, livestock, domestic dogs, and wild animals. These species commonly use the host proteins signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 as receptors, and this usage contributes to their virulence. The seventh species (Feline morbillivirus: FeMV) is phylogenetically divergent from the six SLAM-using species. FeMV differs from the SLAM-using morbillivirus group in pathogenicity and infectivity, and is speculated to use non-SLAM receptors. Recently, novel species of morbilliviruses have been discovered in bats, rodents, and domestic pigs. Because the ability to use SLAM and nectin-4 is closely related to the infectivity and pathogenicity of morbilliviruses, investigation of the potential usage of these receptors is useful for estimating infectivity and pathogenicity. The SLAM-binding sites in the receptor-binding protein show high similarity among the SLAM-using morbilliviruses. This feature may help to estimate whether novel morbillivirus species can use SLAM as a receptor. A novel morbillivirus species isolated from wild mice diverged from the classified morbilliviruses in the phylogenetic tree, forming a third group separate from the SLAM-using morbillivirus group and FeMV. This suggests that the novel rodent morbillivirus may exhibit a different risk from the SLAM-using morbillivirus group, and analyses of its viral pathogenicity and infectivity toward humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34578220 PMCID: PMC8466767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine viral loads and distribution over the total length, at short distances, and in the separate layers of the intestine of virus-infected animals for future inactivation studies. Two calves, two pigs, and two goats were infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), respectively. Homogenously distributed maximum BVDV viral loads were detected in the ileum of both calves, with a mean titer of 6.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g. The viral loads in colon and caecum were not distributed homogenously. In one pig, evenly distributed CSFV mean viral loads of 4.5 and 4.2 log10 TCID50-eq/g were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa showed mean viral loads of 5.3, 3.4, and 4.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. Homogenous distribution of PPRV was shown in the ileum of both goats, with a mean viral load of 4.6 log10 TCID50-eq/g. Mean mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa viral loads were 3.5, 2.8, and 1.7 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. This pilot study provides essential data for setting up inactivation experiments with intestines derived from experimentally infected animals, in which the level and the homogeneous distribution of intestinal viral loads are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Eline Verheij
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Sharma Y, Sarkar R, Jain A, Singh S, Shekhar C, Shanmugam C, Dhanavelu M, Tembhurne P, Kaul R, Sehrawat S. A Mouse Model of PPRV Infection for Elucidating Protective and Pathological Roles of Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630307. [PMID: 33912160 PMCID: PMC8072281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at developing an accessible laboratory animal model to elucidate protective and pathological roles of immune mediators during Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection. It is because of the critical roles of type I IFNs in anti-viral defense, we assessed the susceptibility of IFN receptor knock out (IFNR KO) mice to PPRV infection. IFNR KO mice were exceedingly susceptible to the infection but WT animals efficiently controlled PPRV. Accordingly, the PPRV infected IFNR KO mice gradually reduced their body weights and succumbed to the infection within 10 days irrespective of the dose and route of infection. The lower infecting doses predominantly induced immunopathological lesions. The viral antigens as well as the replicating PPRV were abundantly present in most of the critical organs such as brain, lungs, heart and kidneys of IFNR KO mice infected with high dose of the virus. Neutrophils and macrophages transported the replicating virus to central nervous system (CNS) and contributed to pathology while the elevated NK and T cell responses directly correlated with the resolution of PPRV infection in WT animals. Using an array of fluorescently labeled H-2Kb tetramers, we discovered four immunogenic epitopes of PPRV. The PPRV-peptides interacted well with H-2Kb in acellular and cellular assay as well as expanded the virus-specific CD8+ T cells in immunized or infected mice. Adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells helped control PPRV in infected mice. Our study therefore established and employed a mouse model for investigating the pathogenesis of PPRV. The model could be useful for elucidating the contribution of immune cells in disease progression as well as to test anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Ayush Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudhakar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Chander Shekhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | | | | | - Prabhakar Tembhurne
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
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