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Xian X, Yang S, Shi Y, Chen Q. Comparison of endocytosis pathways of Duck Tembusu virus in BHK-21 and duck embryo fibroblasts. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102891. [PMID: 37454644 PMCID: PMC10384660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a zoonotic flavivirus characterized by nonsuppurative encephalitis and decreasing egg production that has adversely affected the poultry industry. While the way of invasion of DTMUV into different host cells, especially primary cells, remains elusive. In the present study, the ultrastructural pathological characteristics showed that DTMUV underwent a typical maturation and replication process: progeny virus particles gathered in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae, reached the cell membrane via Golgi body's endocrine channel, then were released in the infected baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) and duck embryo fibroblast (DEF). Endoplasmic reticulum vesicles in BHK-21 were short rods and densely arranged like honeycombs, whereas vesicles in DEF were round and dispersed. Further study showed that the virus replication peak in mammalian BHK-21 cells was at 48 hpi, whereas in avian DEF cells was at 24 hpi. DTMUV entry into BHK-21 and DEF cells was blocked by clathrin inhibitor, chlorpromazine (CPZ), indicating that the flavivirus DTMUV enters BHK-21 and DEF both via a clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) pathway rather than caveola-mediated endocytosis or micropinocytosis. The endocytic difference in DTMUV entry into BHK-21 and DEF cells might provide insight into understanding the underlying virulence difference between passaged cells and cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Tang X, Xie Y, Li G, Niyazbekova Z, Li S, Chang J, Chen D, Ma W. ORFV entry into host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109831. [PMID: 37480660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), also known as infectious pustular virus, leads to an acute contagious zoonotic infectious disease. ORFV can directly contact and infect epithelial cells of skin and mucosa, causing damage to tissue cells. So far, the pathway of ORFV entry into cells is unclear. Therefore, finding the internalization pathway of ORFV will help to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ORFV infection and invasion, which in turn will provide a certain reference for the prevention and treatment of ORFV. In the present study, chemical inhibitors were used to analyze the mechanism of ORFV entry into target cells. The results showed that the inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis could inhibit ORFV entry into cells. However, the inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis cannot inhibit ORFV entry into cells. In addition, inhibition of macropinocytosis pathway also significantly reduced ORFV internalization. Furthermore, the inhibitors of acidification and dynamin also prevented ORFV entry. However, results demonstrated that inhibitors inhibited ORFV entry but did not inhibit ORFV binding. Notably, extracellular trypsin promoted ORFV entry into cells directly, even when the endocytic pathway was inhibited. In conclusion, ORFV enters into its target cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, while caveolae-dependent endocytosis has little effects on this process. In addition, the entry into target cells by ORFV required an acid environment and the effect of dynamin. Meanwhile, we emphasize that broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors and extracellular enzyme inhibitors are likely to be effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of ORFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidian Tang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guanhua Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhannur Niyazbekova
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shaofei Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianjun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai Province, China; College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Xu B, Liu X, Yan D, Teng Q, Yuan C, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Li Z. Generation and characterization of chimeric Tembusu viruses containing pre-membrane and envelope genes of Japanese encephalitis virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140141. [PMID: 37426013 PMCID: PMC10324654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its outbreak in 2010, Tembusu virus (TMUV) has spread widely throughout China and Southeast Asia, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2018, an attenuated vaccine called FX2010-180P (180P) was licensed for use in China. The 180P vaccine has demonstrated its immunogenicity and safety in mice and ducks. The potential use of 180P as a backbone for flavivirus vaccine development was explored by replacing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of the 180P vaccine strain with those of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Two chimeric viruses, 180P/JEV-prM-E and 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P with an additional E protein S156P mutation were successfully rescued and characterized. Growth kinetics studies showed that the two chimeric viruses replicated to similar titers as the parental 180P virus in cells. Animal studies also revealed that the virulence and neuroinvasiveness of the 180P/JEV-prM-E chimeric virus was decreased in mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) and intranasally (i.n.), respectively, compared to the wild-type JEV strain. However, the chimeric 180P/JEV-prM-E virus was still more virulent than the parent 180P vaccine in mice. Additionally, the introduction of a single ES156P mutation in the chimeric virus 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P further attenuated the virus, which provided complete protection against challenge with a virulent JEV strain in the mouse model. These results indicated that the FX2010-180P could be used as a promising backbone for flavivirus vaccine development.
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Channel catfish virus entry into host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Virus Res 2022; 315:198794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yan D, Wang B, Shi Y, Ni X, Wu X, Li X, Liu X, Wang H, Su X, Teng Q, Yang J, Liu Q, Li Z. A Single Mutation at Position 120 in the Envelope Protein Attenuates Tembusu Virus in Ducks. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030447. [PMID: 35336854 PMCID: PMC8951291 DOI: 10.3390/v14030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A live attenuated duck Tembusu virus (TMUV) vaccine FX2010-180P (180P) was successfully utilized to prevent TMUV infections in ducks in China. Compared with wild-type TMUV, 180P was highly attenuated and lost transmissibility in ducks. However, the mechanism of the attenuation of 180P remains poorly understood. To explore the key molecular basis of attenuation, chimeric and site mutant viruses in the background of the wild-type TMUV-FX2010 (FX) strain were rescued, and the replication, tissue tropism, and transmissibility were characterized in ducks. The results show that the envelope (E) protein was responsible for attenuation and loss of transmission in ducks. Further studies showed that a D120N amino acid mutation located in domain II of the E protein was responsible for the attenuation and transmissibility loss of 180P in ducks. The D120N substitution resulted in an extra high-mannose type N-linked glycosylation (NLG) in the E protein of 180P compared with the wild-type TMUV, which might restrict the tissue tropism and transmissibility of TMUV in ducks. Our findings elucidate that N120 in the E protein is a key molecular basis of TMUV attenuation in ducks and provide new insight into the role of NLG in TMUV tissue tropism and transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xintao Ni
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingpo Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Haiwang Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.Y.); (B.W.); (Y.S.); (X.N.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (Q.T.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
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Involvement of adaptor proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus entry. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105278. [PMID: 34740810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the initiation of effective viral infection is breaking through the cytomembrane to enter the cell. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a key vesicular trafficking process in which a variety of cargo molecules are transported from the outside to the inside of the cell. This process is hijacked by numerous families of enveloped or non-enveloped viruses, which use it to enter host cells, followed by trafficking to their replicating sites. Various adaptor proteins that assist in cargo selection, coat assembly, and clathrin-coated bud maturation are important in this process. Research data documented on the involvement of adaptor proteins, such as AP-2, Eps-15, Epsin1, and AP180/CALM, in the invasion of viruses via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis have provided novel insights into understanding the viral life cycle and have led to the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the role of these adaptor proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus entry and also discuss the future trends in this field.
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New Insights into the Biology of the Emerging Tembusu Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081010. [PMID: 34451474 PMCID: PMC8398659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported for the first time in 1955 in Malaysia, Tembusu virus (TMUV) remained, for a long time, in the shadow of flaviviruses with human health importance such as dengue virus or Japanese encephalitis virus. However, since 2010 and the first large epidemic in duck farms in China, the threat of its emergence on a large scale in Asia or even its spillover into the human population is becoming more and more significant. This review aims to report current knowledge on TMUV from viral particle organization to the development of specific vaccines and therapeutics, with a particular focus on host-virus interactions.
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Hsv-1 Endocytic Entry into a Human Oligodendrocytic Cell Line is Mediated by Clathrin and Dynamin but Not Caveolin. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070734. [PMID: 32645983 PMCID: PMC7411905 DOI: 10.3390/v12070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a pathway used by viruses to enter cells that can be classified based on the proteins involved, such as dynamin, clathrin or caveolin. Although the entry of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) by endocytosis has been documented in different cell types, its dependence on clathrin has not been described whereas its dependence on dynamin has been shown according to the cell line used. The present work shows how clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is one way that HSV-1 infects the human oligodendroglial (HOG) cell line. Partial dynamin inhibition using dynasore revealed a relationship between decrease of infection and dynamin inhibition, measured by viral titration and immunoblot. Co-localization between dynamin and HSV-1 was verified by immunofluorescence at the moment of viral entry into the cell. Inhibition by chlorpromazine revealed that viral progeny also decreased when clathrin was partially inhibited in our cell line. RT-qPCR of immediately early viral genes, specific entry assays and electron microscopy all confirmed clathrin's participation in HSV-1 entry into HOG cells. In contrast, caveolin entry assays showed no effect on the entry of this virus. Therefore, our results suggest the participation of dynamin and clathrin during endocytosis of HSV-1 in HOG cells.
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