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Guo J, Mi Y, Guo Y, Bai Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang Y. Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38399978 PMCID: PMC10892782 DOI: 10.3390/v16020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. Despite the availability of vaccines, JEV remains a major public health threat with the potential to spread globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 69,000 cases of JE each year, and this figure is probably an underestimate. The majority of JE victims are children in endemic areas, and almost half of the surviving patients have motor or cognitive sequelae. Thus, the absence of a clinically approved drug for the treatment of JE defines an urgent medical need. Recently, several promising and potential drug candidates were reported through drug repurposing studies, high-throughput drug library screening, and de novo design. This review focuses on the historical aspects of JEV, the biology of JEV replication, targets for therapeutic strategies, a target product profile, and drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guo
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yunqi Mi
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yang Bai
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Meihua Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
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Tian Z, Zhang H, Yu R, Du J, Gao S, Wang Q, Guan G, Yin H. The GTPase activity and isoprenylation of Swine GBP1 are critical for inhibiting the production of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109843. [PMID: 37540998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that cause severe neurological deficits. The guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) gene is an interferon-stimulated gene and exerts antiviral functions on many RNA and DNA viruses via diverse mechanisms, however, the roles and the action modes of GBP1 in the antiviral effect on the production of JEV RNA and infectious virions remain to be clarified. In this study, we found that the RNA levels of swine GBP1 (sGBP1) in PK15 cells were up-regulated at the late stage of JEV infection. The overexpression of sGBP1 significantly inhibited the production of JEV while the knockdown of sGBP1 promoted the production of JEV. The GTPase activity and isoprenylation of sGBP1 both are critical for anti-JEV activity. The GTPase activity of sGBP1 is responsible for inhibiting the production of JEV genomic RNA. The isoprenylation of sGBP1 inhibited the expression and cleavage of JEV prM to decrease the yields of infectious virions, which may be associated with the interaction between sGBP1 and cellular proprotein convertase furin. Taken together, the study dissected the action modes of sGBP1with potent anti-JEV activity in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Hongge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Qiongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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Xu B, Liu X, Yan D, Teng Q, Yuan C, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Li Z. Generation and characterization of chimeric Tembusu viruses containing pre-membrane and envelope genes of Japanese encephalitis virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140141. [PMID: 37426013 PMCID: PMC10324654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its outbreak in 2010, Tembusu virus (TMUV) has spread widely throughout China and Southeast Asia, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. In 2018, an attenuated vaccine called FX2010-180P (180P) was licensed for use in China. The 180P vaccine has demonstrated its immunogenicity and safety in mice and ducks. The potential use of 180P as a backbone for flavivirus vaccine development was explored by replacing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of the 180P vaccine strain with those of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Two chimeric viruses, 180P/JEV-prM-E and 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P with an additional E protein S156P mutation were successfully rescued and characterized. Growth kinetics studies showed that the two chimeric viruses replicated to similar titers as the parental 180P virus in cells. Animal studies also revealed that the virulence and neuroinvasiveness of the 180P/JEV-prM-E chimeric virus was decreased in mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) and intranasally (i.n.), respectively, compared to the wild-type JEV strain. However, the chimeric 180P/JEV-prM-E virus was still more virulent than the parent 180P vaccine in mice. Additionally, the introduction of a single ES156P mutation in the chimeric virus 180P/JEV-prM-ES156P further attenuated the virus, which provided complete protection against challenge with a virulent JEV strain in the mouse model. These results indicated that the FX2010-180P could be used as a promising backbone for flavivirus vaccine development.
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Sewgobind S, Johnson N, Mansfield KL. JMM Profile: Japanese encephalitis virus: an emerging threat. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748429 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection that occurs predominantly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, with the main vector being Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and is maintained in enzootic cycles involving pigs, wild birds and mosquitoes. JE is caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic pathogen that also causes disease in mammals such as pigs and horses. In humans, most symptoms are mild or flu-like but can progress to encephalitis. Pigs are considered amplification hosts, and sows may have gestational complications. Horses may exhibit neurological signs. Detection of the virus can be confirmed by serological or molecular laboratory tests. Vaccination offers protection against JEV infection in humans, pigs and horses. Whilst there is no effective treatment of JE, human cases may require hospitalization for supportive therapy, which may include administration of fluids, oxygen and medication to treat symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sewgobind
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Karen Louise Mansfield
- Vector-borne diseases workgroup, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Mhaske A, Singh S, Abourehab MA, Kumar A, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Recent pharmaceutical engineered trends as theranostics for Japanese encephalitis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun Y, Ding H, Zhao F, Yan Q, Li Y, Niu X, Zeng W, Wu K, Ling B, Fan S, Zhao M, Yi L, Chen J. Genomic Characteristics and E Protein Bioinformatics Analysis of JEV Isolates from South China from 2011 to 2018. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081303. [PMID: 36016192 PMCID: PMC9412759 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne zoonotic epidemic caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV is not only the leading cause of Asian viral encephalitis, but also one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis worldwide. To understand the genetic evolution and E protein characteristics of JEV, 263 suspected porcine JE samples collected from South China from 2011 to 2018 were inspected. It was found that 78 aborted porcine fetuses were JEV-nucleic-acid-positive, with a positive rate of 29.7%. Furthermore, four JEV variants were isolated from JEV-nucleic-acid-positive materials, namely, CH/GD2011/2011, CH/GD2014/2014, CH/GD2015/2015, and CH/GD2018/2018. The cell culture and virus titer determination of four JEV isolates showed that four JEV isolates could proliferate stably in Vero cells, and the virus titer was as high as 108.5 TCID 50/mL. The whole-genome sequences of four JEV isolates were sequenced. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the JEV E gene and whole genome, it was found that CH/GD2011/2011 and CH/GD2015/2015 belonged to the GIII type, while CH/GD2014/2014 and CH/GD2018/2018 belonged to the GI type, which was significantly different from that of the JEV classical strain CH/BJ-1/1995. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the E protein phosphorylation site, glycosylation site, B cell antigen epitope, and modeled 3D structures of E protein in four JEV isolates. The analysis of the prevalence of JEV and the biological function of E protein can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of JEV and the design of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinni Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-20-8528-0245
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Hu F, Zhu T, Guo X, Yu K, Ma X, Liu C, Liu L, Gao Y, Song M, Wu J, Huang B, Li Y. Generation of duck Tembusu virus using a simple reverse genetic system in duck embryo fibroblast cells. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114385. [PMID: 34843824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) have caused serious economic losses in China since 2010. In this study, an infectious clone of the DTMUV BZ-2010strain, isolated from layer cherry duck in China, was constructed using the bacterium-free infectious subgenomic-amplicons method. The subgenomic-amplicons of the human cytomegalovirus promoter (pCMV) at the 5' terminus of the first DNA fragment, the entire genome of DTMUV, and the hepatitis delta ribozyme followed by the simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal (HDR/SV40pA) at the 3' terminus of the last DNA fragment were synthesized and amplified by PCR in three DNA fragments. The pCMV and HDR/SV40pA were used to drive the viral RNA transcription and generate a full-length RNA transcript of the virus, and were found to be effective in reassembling DTMUV in duck embryo fibroblast cells. The RNA transcripts from the infection clone were infectious in duck embryo fibroblast cells, generating the reconstituted DTMUV. This study provided a valuable reverse genetic tool for the further study DTMUV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Kexiang Yu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Xiuli Ma
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Cunxia Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Liping Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Yuehua Gao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Minxun Song
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Bing Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
| | - Yufeng Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Diagnosis of Poultry Diseases, No. 1 Jiaoxiao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China.
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Tripathi A, Banerjee A, Vrati S. Development and characterization of an animal model of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in adolescent C57BL/6 mouse. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049176. [PMID: 34447981 PMCID: PMC8543065 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse-adapted isolate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), designated as JEV-S3, was generated by serially passaging the P20778 strain of the virus in 3- to 4-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Blood-brain barrier leakage was evident in JEV-S3-infected mice, in which viral antigens and RNA were consistently demonstrated in the brain, along with infiltration of activated immune cells, as evidenced by an increased CD45+CD11b+ cell population. Histopathology studies showed the presence of perivascular cuffing, haemorrhage and necrotic foci in the virus-infected brain, conforming to the pathological changes seen in the brain of JEV-infected patients. Mass spectrometry studies characterized the molecular events leading to brain inflammation in the infected mice. Notably, a significant induction of inflammatory cytokines, such as IFNγ, IL6, TNFα and TGFβ, was observed. Further, genome sequencing of the JEV-S3 isolate identified the mutations selected during the mouse passage of the virus. Overall, we present an in-depth characterization of a robust and reproducible mouse model of JEV infection. The JEV-S3 isolate will be a useful tool to screen antivirals and study virus pathogenesis in the adolescent mouse model.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Aging/pathology
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/complications
- Encephalitis, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis, Japanese/pathology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genome, Viral
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interferons/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Virulence/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Tripathi
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, India
- Laboratory of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Laboratory of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
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