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DeLira-Bustillos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Velazquez-Roman J, Tapia-Pastrana G, Martínez-Villa FA, Velázquez-Cruz R, Salmerón J, Canizales-Quinteros S, Canizalez-Roman A. Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli harboring cyclomodulins and supplementary virulence genes isolates from clinical and environmental samples. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106634. [PMID: 38556104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyclomodulins (cdt, cnf, pks and cif) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from clinical and environmental samples, the presence of supplementary virulence genes (SVG), antibiotic resistance, and in vitro cytotoxicity. 413 E. coli were isolated from clinical (stool from obese subjects, normal weight subjects, children with diarrhea, and children without diarrhea; and urine from pregnant and non-pregnant women with urinary tract infections) and environmental (water and different foods) samples. PCR was performed to identify E. coli pathotypes, the four cyclomodulins, and 18 SVG; virulence score, cytotoxic assay, and antibiotic resistance assay were performed. Fifteen percent of E. coli were positive for cyclomodulins and were found in all isolation sources; however, in children with diarrhea, they were more frequent. The most frequent cyclomodulin was cdt. More DEC strains harbor cyclomodulins than non-DEC, and cyclomodulins were most frequent among aEPEC pathotype. SVG ehaC was associated with cyclomodulin-positive strains. Cyclomodulin-positive E. coli had a higher virulence score but no significant cytotoxic activity. They were slightly more resistant to antibiotics. In conclusion, cyclomodulins-positive E. coli was widely distributed in humans, food, and the environment, and they were associated with SVG ehaC, suggesting that these genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cyclomodulins. However, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora DeLira-Bustillos
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, 80030, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80058, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 71256, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, 14610, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80020, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Tapia-Pastrana G, Rojas-Bautista M, Hernández-Pérez P, Santiago-Martínez O, Gómez-Rodríguez LC, Terrazas-Luna VM, Montes-Yedra J, Bautista-Avendaño AA, García-López ES, Leon-Sicairos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Canizalez-Roman A. Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profile, phylotyping and pathotyping of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children in Southwest Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300304. [PMID: 38470897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are one of the most important etiology factors causing diarrhea in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. DEC strains have characteristic virulence factors; however, other supplemental virulence genes (SVG) may contribute to the development of diarrhea in children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEC in children with diarrhea in southwestern Mexico and to associate childhood symptoms, SVG, and pathotypes with diarrhea-causing DEC strains. DEC strains were isolated from 230 children with diarrhea aged 0-60 months from the state of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico; clinical data were collected, and PCR was used to identify SVG and pathotypes. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed on DEC strains. 63% of samples were DEC positive, single or combined infections (two (21%) or three strains (1.3%)) of aEPEC (51%), EAEC (10.2%), tEPEC (5.4%), DAEC (4.8%), ETEC (4.1%), EIEC (1.4%), or EHEC (0.7%) were found. Children aged ≤ 12 and 49-60 months and symptoms (e.g., fever and blood) were associated with DEC strains. SVG related to colonization (nleB-EHEC), cytotoxicity (sat-DAEC and espC-tEPEC), and proteolysis (pic-aEPEC) were associated with DECs strains. E. coli phylogroup A was the most frequent, and some pathotypes (aEPEC-A, DAEC-B), and SVG (espC-B2, and sat-D) were associated with the phylogroups. Over 79% of the DEC strains were resistant to antibiotics, and 40% were MDR and XDR, respectively. In conclusion aEPEC was the most prevalent pathotype in children with diarrhea in this region. SVG related to colonization, cytotoxicity, and proteolysis were associated with diarrhea-producing DEC strains, which may play an essential role in the development of diarrhea in children in southwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Metztli Rojas-Bautista
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pilar Hernández-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Olegario Santiago-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Lucía C Gómez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Terrazas-Luna
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Montes-Yedra
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Alfonso A Bautista-Avendaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Indhuprakash ST, S P, C DR, Thirumalai D. Efficacy evaluation of anti-DEC-IgY against antibiotic-resistant diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38314672 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The rise of multi-drug-resistant bacteria poses a global threat. In 2017, the World Health Organization identified 12 antibiotic-resistant 'priority pathogens', including Enterobacteriaceae, highlighting the menace of Gram-negative bacteria. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC)-induced diarrhoea is particularly problematic for travellers and infants. In contrast to other antibiotic alternatives, passive immunotherapy is showing promise by providing immediate and precise protection. However, mammalian-sourced antibodies are costly, hindering large-scale production. Egg-laying chicken-derived IgY antibodies present a cost-effective, high-yield solution, revolutionizing antibody-based therapeutics compared to mammalian IgG.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. This study hypothesized that developing anti-DEC-IgY could combat DEC infections effectively.Aim. The primary aim was to develop anti-DEC-IgY and assess its potential in DEC-induced diarrhoeal management.Method. Chickens were immunized with DEC antigens to induce an immune response. IgY antibodies were extracted from immune eggs and purified using ion-exchange column chromatography. Anti-DEC-IgY's ability to inhibit DEC growth was evaluated through growth inhibition assays. Anti-DEC-IgY's capacity to prevent E. coli adhesion was assessed using mice intestinal mucosa. In vivo experiments measured pathogen colonization reduction and infection severity reduction. P values were calculated to confirm statistical significance.Result. The antibacterial efficacy of anti-DEC-IgY by growth inhibition assay demonstrated that 25 mg ml-1 of IgY could inhibit the DEC growth. The anti-adherence-property was tested using mice intestinal mucosa and found that anti-DEC-IgY could prevent the E. coli adhesion. In vivo results suggest that 12 mg ml-1 of IgY will reduce the pathogen colonization in intestine and reduce the severity of the infection. The P values between the experimental groups confirm the statistical significance of the findings.Conclusion. The study findings suggest that IgY-based passive immunotherapy could be a potential strategy for managing the risks associated with antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Additionally, this study paves the way for the development of IgY-related research and applications in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srichandrasekar Thuthikkadu Indhuprakash
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Panchapakesan S
- Central Animal Facility, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - David Raj C
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diraviyam Thirumalai
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jorge VF, Uriel AZ, Nidia LS, Hector FV, Paul LQC, Jorge VR, Ingmar SC, Alan ZN, Alonso AA, Vicente OA, Adrian CR. Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Nesting Olive Ridley Turtles in Northwestern Mexico. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:390-401. [PMID: 38110613 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the most common sea turtle found in the Gulf of California. Unfortunately, the bacterial flora of nesting olive ridley turtles is still unknown. We conducted a study to identify, characterize, serotype, and determine the antibiotic resistance of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from olive ridley turtles nesting in northwestern Mexico. Bacteria were isolated and identified from the oral cavity and cloaca of 47 postnesting turtles. Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized, and antibiotic resistance testing was performed. One hundred bacteria belonging to 21 species were isolated, 53 from the oral cavity and 47 from the cloaca, the most prevalent being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli, among others. Moreover, two to three different bacterial species were found co-colonizing both anatomical sites in some turtles. E. coli phylogroups B1, A, F, and unknown were identified as diarrheagenic E. coli (enteroaggregative and enteropathogenic E. coli). O1, O4, K8, K12, OUT, and KUT of V. parahaemolyticus serogroups were identified, also comprising pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Finally, 100% of the bacterial species tested were antibiotic resistant, and both MDR and XDR strains were found. In conclusion, olive ridley turtles are colonized by a diversity of bacterial species with a high rate of antibiotic resistance, some with pathogenic potential to turtles, representing a health risk factor for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdés-Flores Jorge
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Angulo-Zamudio Uriel
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - León-Sicairos Nidia
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Flores-Villaseñor Hector
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80020, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Velázquez-Román Jorge
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sosa-Cornejo Ingmar
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Aguirre A Alonso
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Olimón-Andalón Vicente
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Canizalez-Román Adrian
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127, Culiacan, Mexico.
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Wang J, Huang Y, Guan C, Li J, Yang H, Zhao G, Liu C, Ma J, Tang B. Characterization of an Escherichia coli Isolate Coharboring the Virulence Gene astA and Tigecycline Resistance Gene tet(X4) from a Dead Piglet. Pathogens 2023; 12:903. [PMID: 37513750 PMCID: PMC10385434 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
tet(X4) is the critical resistance gene for tigecycline degradation that has been continually reported in recent years. In particular, pathogenic bacteria carrying tet(X4) are a severe threat to human health. However, information describing Escherichia coli coharboring tet(X4) with virulence genes is limited. Here, we isolated an E. coli strain coharboring tet(X4) and the heat-stable toxin gene astA from a dead piglet. The strain named 812A1-131 belongs to ST10. The genome was sequenced using the Nanopore and Illumina platforms. The virulence genes astA and tet(X4) are located on the chromosome and in the IncHI1-type plasmid p812A1-tetX4-193K, respectively. The plasmid could be conjugatively transferred to recipient E. coli J53 with high frequency. In vivo experiments showed that strain 812A1-131 is pathogenic to Galleria mellonella and could colonize the intestines of mice. In summary, pathogenic E. coli could receive a plasmid harboring the tet(X4) gene, which can increase the difficulty of treatment. The prevalence and transmission mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria coharboring the tet(X4) gene need more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Chunjiu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Canying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jiangang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products & Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SEA LION (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) PUPS IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:500-511. [PMID: 35704501 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections have been documented in marine mammals for decades, and some are considered emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. The aerobic oral (n=16) and rectal (n=17) bacterial microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance were characterized for 17 apparently healthy California sea lion pups (Zalophus californianus) captured with a hoop net in Farallon Island, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 2016. Bacteriologic cultures, Analytical Profile Index, and PCR were used to identify bacterial species. The Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were identified by PCR, Salmonella serotypes were identified, and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. Overall, 39 bacterial species were isolated, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. (35.9% each) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.2%). For E. coli, UNKNOWN phylogroup was the most prevalent (57.7%), followed by the A phylogroup (37.1%). Most Salmonella serotypes were identified as Newport (92.8%); serotype Saintpaul was also identified (7.2%). Sea lions with bacterial co-colonization included 24.2%, from which two bacterial species were isolated, and 3% with three species. Overall, 59% of bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 25.6% were extensively drug resistant. Bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime. This study demonstrates the importance of characterizing the microbiome of sea lions, and the potential effect of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance on wildlife conservation and public health.
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Canizalez-Roman A, Reina-Reyes JE, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Geminiano-Martínez EE, Flores-Carrillo AF, García-Matus RR, Valencia-Mijares NM, Leon-Sicairos N, Velazquez-Roman J, Martínez-Villa FA, Tapia-Pastrana G. Prevalence of Cyclomodulin-Positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Strains in Mexican Patients with Colon Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010014. [PMID: 35055962 PMCID: PMC8779131 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon diseases, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), are multifactor diseases that affect more than one million people per year; recently, the microbiota has been associated with an etiologic factor, specifically bacterial cyclomodulin positivity (CM+). Unfortunately, there are no studies from Mexico that detail the presence of bacterial CM+ in patients with colon diseases. We therefore performed a comprehensive study to investigate the associations and prevalence of cyclomodulin-positive Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), non-DEC, and Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from Mexican subjects with colon diseases. In this work, we analyzed 43 biopsies, 87 different bacteria were isolated, and E. coli was the most frequently noted, followed by Klebsiella spp., and Enterococcus spp. E. coli, non-DEC, and EPEC belonging to phylogroup B2 were the most prevalent. More than 80% of E. coli and Klebsiella were CM+. pks, cdt, cnf, and cif were identified. cdt was associated with non-DEC, cif and its combinations with EPEC, as well as cdt and psk with Klebsiella. Lastly, all the CM+ bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic (34% were MDR, and 48% XDR). In conclusion, the high prevalence of bacterial CM+ in colon disease patients suggests that these bacteria play an important role in the genesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
- The Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80127, Mexico
| | - Juan E. Reina-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City 68120, Mexico
| | - Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Eloy E. Geminiano-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Antonio F. Flores-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Rolando R. García-Matus
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Norma M. Valencia-Mijares
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Constitución 530, Jorge Almada, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Francisco A. Martínez-Villa
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-0195150180 (ext. 1230); Fax: +52-0195150152
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