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Ma XH, Shen S, Li W, Wang J. Bioherbicidal potential of Bacillus altitudinis D30202 on Avena fatua L.: a whole-genome sequencing analysis. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:809-817. [PMID: 37752317 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Avena fatua L. (wild oat) is one of the most harmful gramineous weeds that can affect the yield and quality of infiltrating crops. Bacillus altitudinis D30202 exhibits an excellent biocontrol activity against wild oat. To elucidate the biocontrol mechanisms of B. altitudinis D30202, the genome structure of this strain was assessed via whole-genome sequencing analysis. We predicted and analyzed secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the biocontrol of weeds. The whole-genome sequencing data indicated that B. altitudinis D30202 had the genome size and GC content of 3,777,154 bp and 41.32%, respectively, and 3809 coding genes were identified. Moreover, this strain could generate several compounds with bioherbicidal activity, including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and two indole derivatives. Bioinformatics prediction and comparative genomic analysis revealed that the strain had 6 secondary metabolite gene clusters. Furthermore, the taxonomic position of B. altitudinis D30202 was assessed, confirming its uniqueness and novelty within the Bacillus genus. Comparative genomic analysis showed differences in gene distribution, suggesting potential adaptations to different environments. In conclusion, B. altitudinis D30202 possesses a genome with unique characteristics, encoding enzymes and pathways related to herbicidal potential and biocontrol. This study provides a reference basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of weed inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Ma
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Northwest Potato Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.
- Northwest Potato Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Northwest Potato Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
- Northwest Potato Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
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Taghavi S, Abbasi Montazeri E, Zekavati R, Roomiani L, Saffarian P. Identification of a New Compound (4-Fluoro-2-Trifluoromethyl Imidazole) Extracted from a New Halophilic Bacillus aquimaris Strain Persiangulf TA2 Isolated from the Northern Persian Gulf with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effect. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3359. [PMID: 38269196 PMCID: PMC10804065 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.338788.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The unique ecosystem of the Persian Gulf has made it a rich source of natural antimicrobial compounds produced by various microorganisms, especially bacteria, which can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially those of drug-resistant microbes. Objectives This study aimed to identify antimicrobial compounds in the bacteria isolated from the northern region of the Persian Gulf in Abadan (Chavibdeh port), Iran, for the first time. Materials and Methods Sampling was performed in the fall on November 15, 2019, from 10 different stations (water and sediment samples). The secondary metabolites of all isolates were extracted, and their antimicrobial effects were investigated. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing was used for the identification of the strains that showed the best inhibition against selected pathogens, and growth conditions were optimized for them. A fermentation medium in a volume of 5000 mL was prepared to produce the antimicrobial compound by the superior strain. The extracted antimicrobial compounds were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the superior strain. The effects of salinity, pH, and temperature on the production of antimicrobial compounds were determined by measuring the inhibitory region (mm) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results Four new strains with antimicrobial properties (i.e., Halomonas sp. strain Persiangulf TA1, Bacillus aquimaris strain Persiangulf TA2, Salinicoccus roseus strain Persiangulf TA4, and Exiguobacterium profundum strain Persiangulf TA9) were identified. The optimum growth temperatures were determined at 37-30, 37, and 40 °C for TA1 and TA2, TA4, and TA9 strains, respectively. The optimum pH values for the four strains were 7, 6-7, 7.5, and 6.5-7.5, respectively. The optimal salt concentrations for the four strains were 15%, 2.5-5%, 7.5%, and 5%, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of strain Persiangulf TA2 showed extensive antimicrobial activity against human pathogens (75%) and MRSA. The most abundant compound identified in TA2 extract was the new compound 4-fluoro-2-trifluoromethyl imidazole. The MBC and MIC for the ethyl acetate extract of strain TA2 were 20 and 5 mg. mL-1 (Staphylococcus aureus), 40 and 20 mg. mL-1 (MRSA, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis), 40 and 10 mg. mL-1 Acinetobacter baumannii), and 80 and 40 mg. mL-1 (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella sp., Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), respectively. The optimal conditions for antibiotic production by TA2 strain were 5% salt concentration, pH of 7, and temperature of 35 °C. Conclusion Newly detected natural compounds in TA2 strain due to superior antimicrobial activity even against MRSA strain can be clinically valuable in pharmacy and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Taghavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Zekavati
- Department of Biology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - laleh Roomiani
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Pan L, Li W, Xie R, Liu H, Tan B, Dong X, Yang Q, Chi S, Zhang S. Effects of Clostridium butyricum on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Disease Resistance of Hybrid Grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) Fed with Cottonseed Protein Concentrate (CPC) Replacement of Fishmeal. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:1184252. [PMID: 37303606 PMCID: PMC10250103 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1184252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the growth performance, microbiota, immunity response, and disease resistance in hybrid grouper fed with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) replacement of fishmeal. Six groups of isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated including a positive control group (50% fishmeal, PC), a negative control group (CPC replaced 50% of fishmeal protein, NC), and Clostridium butyricum supplemented with 0.05% (C1, 5 × 108 CFU/kg), 0.2% (C2, 2 × 109 CFU/kg), 0.8% (C3, 8 × 109 CFU/kg), and 3.2% (C4, 3.2 × 1010 CFU/kg), respectively, to the NC group. The results showed that weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the C4 group than that in the NC group (P < 0.05). After supplementation with C. butyricum, the amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities were significantly higher than the NC group (P < 0.05; except group C1), and the same results were obtained for intestinal morphometry. The intestinal proinflammatory factors were significantly downregulated, and the anti-inflammatory factors were significantly upregulated in the C3 and C4 groups compared with the NC group after supplementation with 0.8%-3.2% C. butyricum (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, the PC, NC, and C4 groups were dominated by the Firmicutes and the Proteobacteria. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacillus in the NC group was lower than that in the PC and C4 groups. After supplementation with C. butyricum, grouper in the C4 group showed significantly higher resistance to V. harveyi than the NC group (P < 0.05). Above all, taking into account the effects of immunity and disease resistance, it was recommended to supplement 3.2% C. butyricum in the diet of grouper fed the replacement of 50% fishmeal protein by CPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Weikang Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Evergreen Feed Industry Co. Ltd., Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruitao Xie
- Guangdong Evergreen Feed Industry Co. Ltd., Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qihui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Santos ACC, Borges LDF, Rocha NDC, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Bonetti AM, Dos Santos AR, da Rocha Fernandes G, Dantas RCC, Ueira-Vieira C. Bacteria, yeasts, and fungi associated with larval food of Brazilian native stingless bees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5147. [PMID: 36991089 PMCID: PMC10060228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stingless bees are a diverse group with a relevant role in pollinating native species. Its diet is rich in carbohydrates and proteins, by collecting pollen and nectar supplies the development of its offspring. Fermentation of these products is associated with microorganisms in the colony. However, the composition of microorganisms that comprise this microbiome and its fundamental role in colony development is still unclear. To characterize the colonizing microorganisms of larval food in the brood cells of stingless bees Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona quadrifasciata, Melipona scutellaris, and Tetragonisca angustula, we have utilized molecular and culture-based techniques. Bacteria of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and fungi of the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Mortierellomycota were found. Diversity analysis showed that F. varia had a greater diversity of bacteria in its microbiota, and T. angustula had a greater diversity of fungi. The isolation technique allowed the identification of 189 bacteria and 75 fungi. In summary, this research showed bacteria and fungi associated with the species F. varia, M. quadrifasciata, M. scutellaris, and T. angustula, which may play an essential role in the survival of these organisms. Besides that, a biobank with bacteria and fungus isolates from LF of Brazilian stingless bees was created, which can be used for different studies and the prospection of biotechnology compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Costa Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | | | - Nina Dias Coelho Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bonetti
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
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Lyng M, Kovács ÁT. Frenemies of the soil: Bacillus and Pseudomonas interspecies interactions. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00050-1. [PMID: 36878770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus and Pseudomonas ubiquitously occur in natural environments and are two of the most intensively studied bacterial genera in the soil. They are often coisolated from environmental samples, and as a result, several studies have experimentally cocultured bacilli and pseudomonads to obtain emergent properties. Even so, the general interaction between members of these genera is virtually unknown. In the past decade, data on interspecies interactions between natural isolates of Bacillus and Pseudomonas has become more detailed, and now, molecular studies permit mapping of the mechanisms behind their pairwise ecology. This review addresses the current knowledge about microbe-microbe interactions between strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas and discusses how we can attempt to generalize the interaction on a taxonomic and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyng
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang M, Yang F, Wang G, Liu D, Li X, Yang L, Wang Z. Copper-induced oxidative stress, transcriptome changes, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114136. [PMID: 36242823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common contaminant in aquatic environments, which could cause physiological dysfunction in aquatic organisms. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of copper toxicity in freshwater fish over the past decade. In this research, the oxidative stress, liver transcriptome, intestinal microbiota, and histopathology of common carp (C. carpio) in response to Cu exposure were studied, by exposing juvenile carp to 0.2 mg/ml Cu2+ for 30 days. The results revealed that Cu2+ could induce significant changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) activity. The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities indicate that Cu can induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. RNA-seq analysis of the liver identified 1069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after treatment with 2.0 mg/L Cu2+. Among the DEGs, 490 genes were upregulated and 579 genes were downregulated. GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that Cu could affect the fatty acid biosynthetic process, carnitine biosynthetic process, and activity of carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter. Meanwhile, the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway also included the lipid metabolism pathway. In addition, Cu2+ exposure increased bacterial richness and changed bacterial composition. At the phylum level, we found that the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was increased in the treatment carps, which can regulate intestinal epithelium function and reduce inflammation and immune responses. At the genus level, the abundances of 11 genera were significantly altered after exposure to Cu2+. The altered composition of the microbial community caused by Cu exposure may play a useful role in compensation of the intestinal lesions by Cu exposure. Furthermore, we found that Cu2+ exposure could cause histological alterations such as structural damage to the liver and intestines. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms related to Cu toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Puyang Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem; The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengxiao Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lianlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
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Antimicrobial activity of supernatants produced by bacteria isolated from Brazilian stingless bee's larval food. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:127. [PMID: 35549853 PMCID: PMC9097392 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of new molecules with antimicrobial properties has been a promising approach, mainly when related to substances produced by bacteria. The use of substances produced by bees has evidenced the antimicrobial action in different types of organisms. Thus, the use of bacteria isolated from larval food of stingless bees opens the way for the identification of the new molecules. The effect of supernatants produced by these bacteria was evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria of clinical interest. Furthermore, their effects were evaluated when used in synergy with antibiotics available in the pharmaceutical industry. Results A few supernatants showed an inhibitory effect against susceptible and multiresistant strains in the PIC assay and the modulation assay. Emphasizing the inhibitory effect on multidrug-resistant strains, 7 showed an effect on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (APEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the PIC assay. Of the supernatants analyzed, some presented synergism for more than one species of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nine had a synergistic effect with ampicillin on E. coli (APEC) or S. aureus (MRSA), 5 with penicillin G on E. coli (APEC) or KPC, and 3 with vancomycin on KPC. Conclusion In summary, the results indicate that supernatants produced from microorganisms can synthesize different classes of molecules with potent antibiotic activity against multiresistant bacteria. Thus, suggesting the use of these microorganisms for use clinical tests to isolate the molecules produced and their potential for use.
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