1
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Wang H, Wang WM, Fan J. Life and death: the destiny of Phytophthora sojae determined by a receptor-like kinase. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:49. [PMID: 37987853 PMCID: PMC10663419 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are well known to act in plant growth, development, and defense responses. Plant LRR-RLKs locate on cell surface to sense and initiate responsive signals to a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released from microorganisms. LRR-RLKs are also present in microbes and function in microbial growth and development, but their roles in communicating with hosts are largely unknown. A recent study published in Nature Communications uncovered that a microbial LRR-RLK, PsRLK6, is required for oospore development in the sexual reproduction of Phytophthora sojae, an oomycete pathogen that causes root and stem rot in soybean. Meanwhile, PsRLK6 is recognized as a novel type of MAMP by an unknown plant LRR receptor-like protein and triggers immune responses in soybean, tomato, and Nicotiana benthamiana. The findings reveal dual roles of a pathogen LRR-RLK in determining both life through sexual reproduction and death through triggering plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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2
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Pei Y, Ji P, Si J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu R, Qiao H, Duan W, Shen D, Yin Z, Dou D. A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4593. [PMID: 37524729 PMCID: PMC10390575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PsRLK6 homologs are conserved in oomycetes and also exhibit immunity-inducing activity. A small region (LRR5-6) in the extracellular domain of PsRLK6 is sufficient to activate BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent immune responses, suggesting that PsRLK6 is likely recognized by a plant LRR-RLP. Moreover, PsRLK6 is shown to be up-regulated during oospore maturation and essential for the oospore development of P. sojae. Our data provide a novel type of microbe-associated molecular pattern that functions in the sexual reproduction of oomycete, and a scenario in which a pathogen LRR-RLK could be sensed by a plant LRR-RLP to mount plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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3
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Situ J, Xi P, Lin L, Huang W, Song Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Signal and regulatory mechanisms involved in spore development of Phytophthora and Peronophythora. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984672. [PMID: 36160220 PMCID: PMC9500583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes cause hundreds of destructive plant diseases, threatening agricultural production and food security. These fungus-like eukaryotes show multiple sporulation pattern including the production of sporangium, zoospore, chlamydospore and oospore, which are critical for their survival, dispersal and infection on hosts. Recently, genomic and genetic technologies have greatly promoted the study of molecular mechanism of sporulation in the genus Phytophthora and Peronophythora. In this paper, we characterize the types of asexual and sexual spores and review latest progress of these two genera. We summarize the genes encoding G protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, transcription factors, RNA-binding protein, autophagy-related proteins and so on, which function in the processes of sporangium production and cleavage, zoospore behaviors and oospore formation. Meanwhile, various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli in zoospore behaviors are also discussed. Finally, with the molecular mechanism of sporulation in Phytophthora and Peronophythora is gradually being revealed, we propose some thoughts for the further research and provide the alternative strategy for plant protection against phytopathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Kong,
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4
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Liang X, Bao Y, Zhang M, Du D, Rao S, Li Y, Wang X, Xu G, Zhou Z, Shen D, Chang Q, Duan W, Ai G, Lu J, Zhou JM, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector targets and inhibits the central immune kinases to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:264-278. [PMID: 34157161 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily VII (RLCK-VII) proteins are the central immune kinases in plant pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) complexes, and they orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the role of RLCK-VII in plant-oomycete pathogen interactions has not been established. Phytophthora capsici is a notorious oomycete pathogen that infects many agriculturally important vegetables. Here, we report the identification of RXLR25, an RXLR effector that is required for the virulence of P. capsici. In planta expression of RXLR25 significantly enhanced plants' susceptibility to Phytophthora pathogens. Microbial pattern-induced immune activation in Arabidopsis was severely impaired by RXLR25. We further showed that RXLR25 interacts with RLCK-VII proteins. Using nine rlck-vii high-order mutants, we observed that RLCK-VII-6 and RLCK-VII-8 members are required for resistance to P. capsici. The RLCK-VII-6 members are specifically required for Phytophthora culture filtrate (CF)-induced immune responses. RXLR25 directly targets RLCK-VII proteins such as BIK1, PBL8, and PBL17 and inhibits pattern-induced phosphorylation of RLCK-VIIs to suppress downstream immune responses. This study identified a key virulence factor for P. capsici, and the results revealed the importance of RLCK-VII proteins in plant-oomycete interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yazhou Bao
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Du
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yixin Li
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin Chang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Lu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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5
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Si J, Pei Y, Shen D, Ji P, Xu R, Xue X, Peng H, Liang X, Dou D. Phytophthora sojae leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases: diverse and essential roles in development and pathogenicity. iScience 2021; 24:102725. [PMID: 34258557 PMCID: PMC8254037 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are critical signal receptors in plant development and defense. Like plants, oomycete pathogen genomes also harbor LRR-RLKs, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically characterize all the 24 LRR-RLK genes (PsRLKs) from Phytophthora sojae, which is a model of oomycete pathogens. Although none of them was required for vegetative growth, the specific PsRLKs are important for stress responses, zoospore production, zoospores chemotaxis, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, the Gα subunit PsGPA1 interacts with the five chemotaxis-related PsRLKs via their intracellular kinase domains, and expression of PsGPA1 gene is downregulated in the three mutants (ΔPsRLK17/22/24). Moreover, we generated the PsRLK-PsRLK interaction network of P. sojae and found that PsRLK21, together with PsRLK10 or PsRLK17, regulate virulence by direct association. Taken together, our results reveal the diverse roles of LRR-RLKs in modulating P. sojae development, interaction with soybean, and responses to diverse environmental factors. Systematically functional analysis of LRR-RLK family with 24 members in P. sojae Five chemotaxis-related PsRLKs directly interact with Gα protein PsGPA1 PsRLKs form an interaction network in P. sojae The complex PsRLK21-PsRLK10/17 jointly regulates pathogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Si
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding author
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6
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Liu P, Cai Y, Zhang J, Wang R, Li B, Weng Q, Chen Q. Antifungal activity of liquiritin in Phytophthora capsici comprises not only membrane-damage-mediated autophagy, apoptosis, and Ca 2+ reduction but also an induced defense responses in pepper. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111813. [PMID: 33360212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici causes a severe soil-borne disease in a wide variety of vegetables; to date, no effective strategies to control P. capsici have been developed. Liquiritin (LQ) is a natural flavonoid found in licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) root, and it is used in pharmaceuticals. However, the antifungal activity of LQ against P. capsici remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that LQ inhibits P. capsici mycelial growth and sporangial development. In addition, the EC50 of LQ was 658.4 mg/L and LQ caused P. capsici sporangia to shrink and collapse. Next, LQ severely damaged the cell membrane integrity, leading to a 2.0-2.5-fold increase in relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde concentration, and a 65-70% decrease in sugar content. Additionally, the H2O2 content was increased about 2.0-2.5 fold, but the total antioxidant activity, catalase activity and laccase activity were attenuated by 40-45%, 30-35% and 70-75%. LQ also induced autophagy, apoptosis, and reduction of intracellular Ca2+ content. Furthermore, LQ inhibited P. capsici pathogenicity by reducing the expression of virulence genes PcCRN4 and Pc76RTF, and stimulating the plant defense (including the activated transcriptional expression of defense-related genes CaPR1, CaDEF1, and CaSAR82, and the increased antioxidant enzyme activity). Our results not only elucidate the antifungal mechanism of LQ but also suggest a promising alternative to commercial fungicides or a key compound in the development of new fungicides for the control of the Phytophthora disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Yushan Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qiyong Weng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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7
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Tani S, Nishio N, Kai K, Hagiwara D, Ogata Y, Tojo M, Sumitani JI, Judelson HS, Kawaguchi T. Chemical genetic approach using β-rubromycin reveals that a RIO kinase-like protein is involved in morphological development in Phytophthora infestans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22326. [PMID: 33339950 PMCID: PMC7749174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying life-stage transitions in Phytophthora infestans, we initiated a chemical genetics approach by screening for a stage-specific inhibitor of morphological development from microbial culture extracts prepared mostly from actinomycetes from soil in Japan. Of the more than 700 extracts, one consistently inhibited Ph. infestans cyst germination. Purification and identification of the active compound by ESI–MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR identified β-rubromycin as the inhibitor of cyst germination (IC50 = 19.8 μg/L); β-rubromycin did not inhibit growth on rye media, sporangium formation, zoospore release, cyst formation, or appressorium formation in Ph. infestans. Further analyses revealed that β-rubromycin inhibited the germination of cysts and oospores in Pythium aphanidermatum. A chemical genetic approach revealed that β-rubromycin stimulated the expression of RIO kinase-like gene (PITG_04584) by 60-fold in Ph. infestans. Genetic analyses revealed that PITG_04584, which lacks close non-oomycete relatives, was involved in zoosporogenesis, cyst germination, and appressorium formation in Ph. infestans. These data imply that further functional analyses of PITG_04584 may contribute to new methods to suppress diseases caused by oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Naotaka Nishio
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Kai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Motoaki Tojo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sumitani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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8
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Li Q, Wang J, Bai T, Zhang M, Jia Y, Shen D, Zhang M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici effector suppresses plant immunity via interaction with EDS1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:502-511. [PMID: 31997517 PMCID: PMC7060136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
EDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) plays a crucial role in both effector-triggered immunity activation and plant basal defence. However, whether pathogen effectors can target EDS1 or an EDS1-related pathway to manipulate immunity is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici Avirulence Homolog (Avh) RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effector PcAvh103 that interacts with EDS1. We demonstrated that PcAvh103 can facilitate P. capsici infection and is required for pathogen virulence. Furthermore, genetic evidence showed that PcAvh103 contributes to virulence through targeting EDS1. Finally, PcAvh103 specifically interacts with the lipase domain of EDS1 and can promote the disassociation of EDS1-PAD4 (Phytoalexin Deficient 4) complex in planta. Together, our results revealed that the P. capsici RxLR effector PcAvh103 targets host EDS1 to suppress plant immunity, probably through disrupting the EDS1-PAD4 immune signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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9
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Li X, Liu Y, Tan X, Li D, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang D. The high-affinity phosphodiesterase PcPdeH is involved in the polarized growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora capsici. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:164-173. [PMID: 32220377 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP signaling pathway has been shown to be important in controlling morphological changes and pathogenicity in plant pathogens. In the present study, we identified PcPdeH, a gene encoding a high-affinity phosphodiesterase (PDE), which is a key regulator of the cAMP signaling pathway. To elucidate the function of PcPdeH, PcPdeH-knockout mutants were obtained using a type II CRISPR/Cas9 system in Phytophthora capsici. The knockout transformants of PcPdeH showed vegetative growth defects and abnormal cyst germination. Infection assays indicated that compared with the wild type, PcPdeH-knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence on pepper and tobacco leaves and exhibited increased (1.5-2-fold) cAMP levels relative to the wild-type and CK strains. Based on these phenotypic features, we propose that PcPdeH is crucial for vegetative growth, cyst germination and pathogenicity in P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Delong Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Plant Protection College, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
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