Secretome analysis of alkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus lehensis G1 in response to pH changes

Screening and Selection of a New Medium and Culture Conditions for Diosgenin Production via Microbial Biocatalysis of SYt1

Diosgenin (DSG) is a phytosterol saponin mainly found in Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright. It has shown promising results in treating various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases. Diosgenin is also an important medicinal chemical for synthesizing various steroid medicines. The production of diosgenin by acid hydrolysis generates a large amount of wastewater, leading to severe environmental pollution. However, producing diosgenin through microbial fermentation can effectively reduce environmental pollution. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various microorganisms can produce diosgenin via solid-state fermentation. Nevertheless, due to the complexity, high maintenance costs, uneven heat production, and other characteristics of solid-state fermentation, it is not commonly used in the industrial production of diosgenin. In contrast, liquid fermentation offers advantages such as simple operation, easy maintenance, and stable fermentation, making it more suitable for the industrial production of diosgenin. However, few studies have focused on producing diosgenin using liquid fermentation. In this study, endophytic Bacillus licheniformis SYt1 was used to produce diosgenin via liquid fermentation, with Dioscorea tuber powder as a substrate. Soxhlet extraction and silica gel column chromatography were employed to identify the diosgenin from the liquid fermentation products. Suitable fermentation conditions were screened and identified. The environmental variables that significantly affect the diosgenin yield were determined by the Plackett-Burman design (P-BD) with eight factors. The three factors (peptone, yeast extract powder and inorganic salt) with the greatest influence on the diosgenin yield were selected and further optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The final culture conditions were determined to be 35.79 g/L of peptone, 14.56 g/L of yeast extract powder, and 1.44 g/L of inorganic salt. The yield of diosgenin under these conditions was 132.57 mg/L, which was 1.8 times greater than the yield under pre-optimization conditions. This effective, clean, and promising liquid fermentation method possesses the potential to replace the traditional acid hydrolysis method for the industrial production of diosgenin.

Comparative secretomic and proteomic analysis reveal multiple defensive strategies developed by Vibrio cholerae against the heavy metal (Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) stresses

Vibrio cholerae is a common waterborne pathogen that can cause pandemic cholera in humans. The bacterium with heavy metal-tolerant phenotypes is frequently isolated from aquatic products, however, its tolerance mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated for the first time the response of such V. cholerae isolates (n = 3) toward the heavy metal (Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) stresses by comparative secretomic and proteomic analyses. The results showed that sublethal concentrations of the Pb2+ (200 μg/mL), Cd2+ (12.5 μg/mL), and Zn2+ (50 μg/mL) stresses for 2 h significantly decreased the bacterial cell membrane fluidity, but increased cell surface hydrophobicity and inner membrane permeability, whereas the Ni2+ (50 μg/mL) stress increased cell membrane fluidity (p < 0.05). The comparative secretomic and proteomic analysis revealed differentially expressed extracellular and intracellular proteins involved in common metabolic pathways in the V. cholerae isolates to reduce cytotoxicity of the heavy metal stresses, such as biosorption, transportation and effluxing, extracellular sequestration, and intracellular antioxidative defense. Meanwhile, different defensive strategies were also found in the V. cholerae isolates to cope with different heavy metal damage. Remarkably, a number of putative virulence and resistance-associated proteins were produced and/or secreted by the V. cholerae isolates under the heavy metal stresses, suggesting an increased health risk in the aquatic products.

Secretome Analysis of the Plant Biostimulant Bacteria Strains Bacillus subtilis (EB2004S) and Lactobacillus helveticus (EL2006H) in Response to pH Changes

It is well-known that there is a high frequency of plant-growth-promoting strains in Bacillus subtilis and that these can be effective under both stressful and stress-free conditions. There are very few studies of this activity in the case of Lactobacillus helveticus. In this study, the effects of pH on the secretome (proteins) in the cell-free supernatants of two bacterial strains were evaluated. The bacteria were cultured at pH 5, 7 and 8, and their secretome profiles were analyzed, with pH 7 (optimal growth pH) considered as the "control". The results showed that acidity (lower pH 5) diminishes the detectable production of most of the secretome proteins, whereas alkalinity (higher pH 8) increases the detectable protein production. At pH 5, five (5) new proteins were produced by L. helveticus, including class A sortase, fucose-binding lectin II, MucBP-domain-containing protein, SLAP-domain-containing protein and hypothetical protein LHEJCM1006_11110, whereas for B. subtilis, four (4) types of proteins were uniquely produced (p ≤ 0.05), including helicase-exonuclease AddAB subunit AddB, 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, a cluster of ABC-F family ATP-binding-cassette-domain-containing proteins and a cluster of excinuclease ABC (subunit B). At pH 8, Bacillus subtilis produced 56 unique proteins. Many of the detected proteins were involved in metabolic processes, whereas the others had unknown functions. The unique and new proteins with known and unknown functions suggest potential the acclimatization of the microbes to pH stress.

Donor manipulation for constructing a pH sensing thermally activated delayed fluorescent probe to detect alkaliphiles

pH homeostasis is essential for alkaliphiles, given their widespread use in biotechnological applications. However, quantitative monitoring of alkaline pH in alkaliphiles remains challenging. Here, we synthesized for the first time, a thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) pH probe: NI-D-OH. Our probe exhibits a good linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and pH in the neutral to alkaline range (pH 7.0-8.6), as well as long-lived TADF emission. We further show that NI-D-OH can be used to monitor intracellular pH in living organisms, and evaluate the effect of Na⁺ on the pH homeostasis, demonstrating the potential for alkaline pH monitoring and time-resolved fluorescence imaging.

A highly efficient protein degradation system in Bacillus sp. CN2: a functional-degradomics study

A novel protease-producing Bacillus sp. CN2 isolated from chicken manure composts exhibited a relatively high proteolytic specific activity. The strain CN2 degradome consisted of at least 149 proteases and homolog candidates, which were distributed into 4 aspartic, 30 cysteine, 55 metallo, 56 serine, and 4 threonine proteases. Extracellular proteolytic activity was almost completely inhibited by PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) rather than o-P, E-64, or pepstatin A, suggesting that strain CN2 primarily secreted serine protease. More importantly, analysis of the extracellular proteome of strain CN2 revealed the presence of a highly efficient protein degradation system. Three serine proteases of the S8 family with different active site architectures firstly fragmented protein substrates which were then degraded to smaller peptides by a M4 metalloendopeptidase that prefers to degrade hydrophobic peptides and by a S13 carboxypeptidase. Those enzymes acted synergistically to degrade intact substrate proteins outside the cell. Furthermore, highly expressed sequence-specific intracellular aminopeptidases from multiple families (M20, M29, and M42) accurately degraded peptides into oligopeptides or amino acids, thus realizing the rapid acquisition and utilization of nitrogen sources. In this paper, a systematic study of the functional-degradome provided a new perspective for understanding the complexity of the protease hydrolysis system of Bacillus, and laid a solid foundation for further studying the precise degradation of proteins with the cooperative action of different family proteases. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus sp. CN2 has relatively high proteolytic specific activity. • Bacillus sp. CN2 harbors a highly efficient protein degradation system. • The site-specific endopeptidases were secreted extracellular, while the sequence-specific aminopeptidases played a role in the cell.

Adaptation of neutrophilic Paracoccus denitrificans to denitrification at highly alkaline pH

Bacterial denitrification is widely documented at neutral pH in order to improve the removal of nitrate in wastewater treatment processes. However, certain industrial contexts generate alkaline waste and effluent containing nitrate that must be denitrified. To obtain more information on denitrification at alkaline pH, this study evaluated the possibility of adapting a neutrophilic denitrifying strain, Paracoccus denitrificans, to alkaline pH. Firstly, P. denitrificans' denitrifying activity was evaluated without acclimation in batch bioreactors at pH 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0. Then, two acclimation methods using successive batch bioreactors and a continuous bioreactor allowed P. denitrificans to be gradually exposed to alkaline pH: from 8.5 to 11.2 in 26 and 72 days respectively. Results showed that P. denitrificans could grow and catalyse nitrate reduction (i) at pH 9.0 without acclimation, (ii) at pH 10.5 in successive batch cultures with progressively increasing pH and (iii) at pH 10.8 in continuously fed culture with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 days. It was shown that denitrification affected the pH despite the presence of carbonate buffering of the P. denitrificans growth medium. With acetate as an electron donor, the pH of a carbonate buffered medium tends towards pH 10 during the process of denitrification. Graphical abstract.

Bacillus miscanthi sp. nov., a alkaliphilic bacterium from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus sacchariflorus

A novel bacterial strain, designated AK13^T (=KACC 21401^T=DSM 109981^T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus sacchariflorus. Strain AK13^T was found to be an aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium. It formed yellow circular colonies with smooth convex surfaces. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AK13^T was estimated to be 40 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that this strain was most closely related to Bacillus lehensis MLB2^T (99.4 %), Bacillus oshimensis K11^T (98.8 %) and Bacillus patagoniensis PAT 05^T (96.6 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strain AK13^T and B. lehensis MLB2^T, B. oshimensis K11^T and B. patagoniensis PAT 05^T were 90.93, 91.05 and 71.87 %, respectively, with the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 42.7, 42.6 and 18.8 %, respectively. Cells grew at 5-40 °C (optimum, 28-35 °C), pH 6.5-13 (optimum, pH 8-9) and in the presence of 0-13.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The cell wall of strain AK13^T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Results of fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed that iso-C_{15 : 0} was the predominant cellular fatty acid. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography analysis indicated that the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and glycolipid. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics suggested that strain AK13^T represented a novel species of the genus Bacillus, and thus the name Bacillus miscanthi sp. nov. is proposed.

Influence of Hydrogen Electron Donor, Alkaline pH, and High Nitrate Concentrations on Microbial Denitrification: A Review

Bacterial respiration of nitrate is a natural process of nitrate reduction, which has been industrialized to treat anthropic nitrate pollution. This process, also known as “microbial denitrification”, is widely documented from the fundamental and engineering points of view for the enhancement of the removal of nitrate in wastewater. For this purpose, experiments are generally conducted with heterotrophic microbial metabolism, neutral pH and moderate nitrate concentrations (<50 mM). The present review focuses on a different approach as it aims to understand the effects of hydrogenotrophy, alkaline pH and high nitrate concentration on microbial denitrification. Hydrogen has a high energy content but its low solubility, 0.74 mM (1 atm, 30 °C), in aqueous medium limits its bioavailability, putting it at a kinetic disadvantage compared to more soluble organic compounds. For most bacteria, the optimal pH varies between 7.5 and 9.5. Outside this range, denitrification is slowed down and nitrite (NO₂⁻) accumulates. Some alkaliphilic bacteria are able to express denitrifying activity at pH levels close to 12 thanks to specific adaptation and resistance mechanisms detailed in this manuscript, and some bacterial populations support nitrate concentrations in the range of several hundred mM to 1 M. A high concentration of nitrate generally leads to an accumulation of nitrite. Nitrite accumulation can inhibit bacterial activity and may be a cause of cell death.