Online coupling of ultraviolet titanium dioxide film reactor with poly(methyl methacrylate) solid phase extraction–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation of trace heavy metals in freshwater

Functionalization of a SiO2-coated magnetic graphene oxide composite with polyaniline–polypyrrole for magnetic solid phase extraction of ultra-trace Cr(iii) and Pb(ii) in water and food samples using a Box–Behnken design

A novel nanocomposite was successfully applied for magnetic solid phase extraction of heavy metals in environmental water and food samples.

Preconcentration of lead using solidification of floating organic drop and its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic drop (SFOD) was developed for preconcentration of lead prior to its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Ammonium pyrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) was used as complexing agent, and the formed complex was extracted into a 20 μL of 1-undecanol. The extracted complex was diluted with ethanol and injected into a graphite furnace. An orthogonal array design (OAD) with OA16 (4(5)) matrix was employed to study the effects of different parameters such as pH, APDC concentration, stirring rate, sample solution temperature and the exposure time on the extraction efficiency. Under the optimized experimental conditions the limit of detection (based on 3 s) and the enhancement factor were 0.058 μg L(-1) and 113, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 8 replicate determinations of 1 μg L(-1) of Pb was 8.8%. The developed method was validated by the analysis of certified reference materials and was successfully applied to the determination of lead in water and infant formula base powder samples.