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Srinivasan P, P Sivaraman S, Mohan AM, Madhu DK, K Chinaraga P, Rao CVSB, Nagarajan S, Deivasigamani P. Chromoionophoric molecular probe infused bimodal porous polymer rostrum as solid-state ocular sensor for the selective and expeditious optical sensing of ultra-trace toxic mercury ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135483. [PMID: 39173372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a distinctive solid-state naked-eye colorimetric sensing approach by encapsulating a chromoionophoric probe onto a hybrid macro-/meso-pore polymer scaffold for fast and selective sensing of ultra-trace Hg(II). The customized structural/surface properties of the poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith are attained by specific proportions of 2-vinylpyridine (VPy), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TM), and pore-tuning solvents. The interconnected porous network of poly(VPy-co-TM), inherent superior surface area and porosity, is captivating for the homogeneous/voluminous incorporation of probe molecules, i.e., 7-((4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)quinoline-8-ol (MPDQ), for the target-specific colorimetric detection. The structural morphology, surface topography, and phase characteristics of the bare poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith and MPDQ@poly(VPy-co-TM) sensor are examined using HR-TEM-SAED (High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy - Selected Area Electron Diffraction), FE-SEM-EDAX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), p-XRD (Powder X-Ray Diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis-DRS (Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy), and BET/BJH (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller / Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) analysis. The distinctive properties of the sensor reveal a constrained geometrical orientation of the MPDQ probe onto the long-range continuous monolithic network of meso-/-macropore template, enabling selective interaction with Hg(II) with peculiar color transfiguration from pale yellow to deep brown. The sensor demonstrates a linear spectral-color alliance in the 0-200 ppb concentration range for Hg(II), with quantification and detection limits of 0.63 and 0.19 ppb. The sensor efficacy is verified using certified contaminated water and tobacco samples, with excellent reusability, reliability, and reproducibility of ≥ 99.23 % (RSD ≤1.89 %) and ≥ 99.19 % (RSD ≤1.94 %) of Hg(II), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sushmitha P Sivaraman
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Akhila Maheswari Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Deepan Kumar Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Samayapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu 621112, India
| | - Pitchaiah K Chinaraga
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - C V S Brahmananda Rao
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - Sivaraman Nagarajan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India
| | - Prabhakaran Deivasigamani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Liu XN, Yang XA, Chu XF, Zhang WB. Highly sensitive analysis of trace germanium derived from the efficient electrosynthesis and spectral introduction of GeH 4 on foam electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342130. [PMID: 38182352 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrochemical hydride generation technology, which uses electrolysis instead of chemical reagents to generate reducing species to achieve gaseous transformation and sample introduction of the tested elements, has received widespread attention in the field of atomic spectroscopy due to its simple, economical, and green characteristics. However, limited by the effective area of the electrode, the introduction efficiency and spectral signal of most elements (e.g., germanium) in practical applications are lower than traditional chemical hydride generation. RESULTS In this paper, an efficient electrochemical hydride generation (EHG) method based on metal foam electrode for μg L-1 level germanium was constructed. Systematic electrochemical and spectral tests showed that the low charge transfer resistance and the high electrochemical activity of nickel-based foam electrodes jointly promoted the efficient electroreduction of Ge(IV). Besides, the porous network structure of the metal foam material improves the contact probability of reactants while reducing the gas-evolution effect caused by bubble accumulation. Interestingly, adequate reaction sites are crucial for the conversion of germanium, but large foam electrodes are not always compatible with analytical performance. After coupling atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, this new electrolysis method has been proven to be suitable for efficient conversion and quantitative detection of Ge over a wide concentration range (5-150 μg L-1). SIGNIFICANCE Our proposal to improve the electrosynthesis efficiency of germanane (GeH4) by using metal foam electrode is extremely effective for the detection of trace or ultra-trace germanium. The exploration of electrode material, structure, and especially effective area will also provide ideas for the establishment of highly sensitive analysis methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui, 243002, PR China
| | - Xin-An Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui, 243002, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Feng Chu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui, 243002, PR China
| | - Wang-Bing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui, 243002, PR China.
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Torrarit K, Kongkaew S, Samoson K, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL, Limbut W. Flow Injection Amperometric Measurement of Formalin in Seafood. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17679-17691. [PMID: 35664606 PMCID: PMC9161257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formalin is illegally used as an antibacterial and a preservative in seafood products. It is extremely important for public health reasons to be able to simply, rapidly, and accurately detect formalin in fresh seafood. In this work, we developed a flow injection amperometric (FI-Amp) formalin sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite of palladium particles and carbon microspheres (PdPs-CMs/GCE). The CMs were decorated with PdPs via an electroless deposition method. The surface morphology of the CMs and the PdPs-CMs composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The electrochemical behavior and measurement of formalin at the PdPs-CMs/GCE was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The modified electrode demonstrated good electrocatalytic performance for the oxidation of formalin. The synthesis method and FI-Amp operating conditions were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed sensor showed a linear range of 0.025 to 15.00 mmol L-1 and a detection limit of 8 μmol L-1. Repeatability (RSD < 4.1%, n = 30), reproducibility (RSD = 0.25%, n = 5), stability (RSD = 3.2%, n = 80), and selectivity were good. The fabricated sensor achieved recoveries of formalin in seafood between 96 ± 1 to 105 ± 3 (n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonchanok Torrarit
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Supatinee Kongkaew
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Samoson
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Sagapova L, Musil S, Kodríková B, Svoboda M, Kratzer J. Effect of additives on cadmium chemical vapor generation and reliable quantification of generation efficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338601. [PMID: 34051996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor generation (CVG) of cadmium was optimized based on response from atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with a heated quartz tube atomizer (QTA). Effect of several modifiers on analytical performance was studied. These additives were: inorganic salts of Cr3+, Ti4+ and Co2+ and their on-line synthesized complexes with KCN and thiourea, respectively. The use of these additives resulted in sensitivity enhancement, better repeatability and correspondingly in improvement of overall CVG efficiency. The latter was quantified by two independent approaches: a) by means of 115mCd radioactive indicator, b) from comparison of sensitivities obtained with conventional solution nebulization and with CVG, both coupled simultaneously to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Both approaches provided comparable results. The highest efficiency, between 60 and 70%, was reached in the presence of Cr3+/KCN and Ti4+/KCN while 19% was achieved in Co2+/ascorbic acid/thiourea environment. Highly irreproducible results with low CVG efficiency ranging from 2.5 to 15% were reached in the absence of any additives. The generated cadmium species were identified to be mostly free atoms regardless of the additives presence or their absence. Cr3+/KCN environment was selected as the most robust for CVG of Cd reaching sensitivity of 6.6 s ng-1 Cd and limit of detection of 60 pg mL-1 Cd (9 pg Cd absolute) with detection by QTA-AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sagapova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Musil
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kodríková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Svoboda
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kratzer
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Liu S, Duan X, Sun J. Determination of Cadmium in Water Samples by Electrochemical Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Using Series Graphite Tubes as Electrolytic Cells under Constant Voltage. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:419-423. [PMID: 31708559 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical vapor generation (EcHG) system to determine the cadmium content using atomic fluorescence spectrometry has been established. The EcHG system uses two serially-connected graphite tubes as two electrolysis cells and an AC to DC power wall plug adapter with the constant voltage mode as a power supply. The system did not have an ion exchange membrane and only needed a pump to transport the feed solution and waste. Under these optimized conditions, the detection limit (3σ) and the relative standard deviation were 0.05 ng mL-1 and 3.2%, respectively. The EcHG efficiency was 38.4 ± 2.2%. The proposed technique has been successfully applied to determine the cadmium in three certified reference materials for environmental water and two drinking water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance
| | - Xuchuan Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance
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Kongkaew S, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Limbut W. A preparation of homogeneous distribution of palladium nanoparticle on poly (acrylic acid)-functionalized graphene oxide modified electrode for formalin oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Adeloju SB. Coupling of non-selective adsorption with selective elution for novel in-line separation and detection of cadmium by vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 137:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yilmaz V, Arslan Z, Rose L, Little MD. Cyanovanadate(III) complexes as novel additives for efficient generation of volatile cadmium species in complex samples prior to determinations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Talanta 2014; 115:681-7. [PMID: 24014893 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new method has been described for generation of volatile species of Cd using vanadium(III) cyanide complex. Aqueous solutions of 0.04 mol L(-1) vanadium chloride (VCl3) and 0.12 mol L(-1) potassium cyanide (KCN) were reacted on-line yielding a suspension of vanadium hydroxide, V(OH)3. This suspension was dissolved along the stream of sample solution in dilute HCl to form heptacyanovanadate(III) complex, [V(CN)7]4-. Volatile Cd species were generated by reacting the stream of sample solution and cyanovanadate(III) complex with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Feasibility of off-line and on-online approaches was investigated for quantitative determinations. Better precision and daily stability were achieved with on-line settings. Optimum signals were obtained from sample solutions within a range of 3 to 5% v/v HCl. A concentration of 2% m/v NaBH4 was adequate to achieve an enhancement of 20-fold in the presence of cyanovanadate(III) complex. The limits of detection were 5.0 and 4.5 ng L(-1) for 110Cd and 111Cd isotopes, respectively. Precision (%RSD) was better than 4.7% for six replicate measurements. The interferences of Cu(II) and Ni(II) were marginal (<10%) at 1.0 µg mL(-1). Depressive effects from Bi, Se and Sn were not significant below 0.1 µg mL(-1). The method was validated by determination of Cd using ICP-MS in certified reference materials of Nearshore seawater (CASS-4), Bone ash (SRM 1400), Dogfish liver (DOLT-4) and Mussel tissue (SRM 2976).
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Liang A, Wei Y, Wen G, Yin W, Jiang Z. A new resonance Rayleigh scattering method for trace Pb, coupling the hydride generation reaction with nanogold formation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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