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Liu Y, Chai Z, Haixia Y. Identification of pressed and extracted vegetable oils by headspace GC-MS. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18532. [PMID: 37576238 PMCID: PMC10412762 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible vegetable oils are produced either by mechanical pressing or extraction. Although pressing retains the inherent flavor and nutritional value of the oil, the oil yield is low and the process expensive. Extraction methods have high oil yields, low processing costs, and economic benefits; however, No. 6 solvent, which may pose potential risks to human health, is commonly used in the extraction and cleaning process. Differentiating extracted oil containing these solvents from pressed oil, for quality control, based on visual appearance is difficult. Hence, in this study, an identification method using the characteristic components of solvent No. 6 under optimized headspace Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) conditions was established. It also provided a reference for quality control of industrial production by estimating the amount of solvent present in the oil. Results showed that, in addition to five main components (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and n-hexane, Methylcyclopentane, Cyclohexane), accounting for 97% of the solvent, No. 6 solvent also contains 16 types of organic substances, such as olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Under optimized headspace GC-MS conditions (headspace sampler equilibrium temperature = 150 °C), the No. 6 solvent exhibits high linearity over a concentration range of 0.05-1 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg. Pressed and extracted oils can be determined as follows: If three or fewer main components of the No. 6 solvent are detected, and the total content of No. 6 solvent is less than 0.5 mg/kg, it is a pressed oil; if four or more main components of No. 6 solvent are detected, or the total content of No. 6 solvent is ≥0.5 mg/kg, it is confirmed as an extracted oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Zhenlin Chai
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Yu Haixia
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
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Shen Z, Chen J, Zhu J, Yu H. Changes of bioactive composition and concentration in loquat flower extracted with water/Chinese Baijiu. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14701. [PMID: 37012910 PMCID: PMC10066521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Loquat is a high-value fruit tree with medicine and fruit homology. Loquat flowers with special fragrance, strong cold resistance and rich in various bioactive components, are valuable agricultural auxiliary products and have been widely used for making floral teas and beverages in recent years. In this study, we found the concentration of active components increased from the floral buds to initial flowers along with flower development, the bioactives of initial flowers were the richest in four flowering stages, and loquat flowers contained major volatile components such as alcohols, aldehydes and esters, which are the source of fragrance. When extract with hot water, the most efficient method was 80 °C for 30 min or boiling water within 2 h. For Baijiu (56% Vol), the best solid-to-liquid ratio was 3:100 (Dry flower: Baijiu) in 6-12 h. Baijiu achieved higher bioactive content than water extraction, the amygdalin concentration in Baijiu reached 0.3 mg/mL.
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Lu Z, Lu X, Xia L, Zhong Y, Li G, Hu Y. Cobalt doped nitrogenous porous carbon derived from covalent organic framework as cataluminescence catalyst for rapid determination of n-hexane in edible oil. Talanta 2021; 232:122428. [PMID: 34074414 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a catalytic material of cobalt doped nitrogenous porous carbon (Co/NPC) was fabricated from covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and cobalt ion via directly carbonization. Attribute to the excellent selective catalytic performance towards n-hexane, Co/NPC was employed in cataluminescence (CTL) for rapid and sensitive determination of n-hexane. Moreover, the detection conditions of CTL were evaluated, including temperature, flow rate and detecting wavelength. Under optimized conditions, a good linear relation between signal intensity of CTL and n-hexane concentration was obtained in the linear range of 0.4-250.0 mg/L and the limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) was 0.13 mg/L. Furthermore, the Co/NPC based CTL sensor was successfully applied to the determination of n-hexane in edible oil samples with the recoveries in the range of 92.0%-104.0%. The method comparison results of GC/MS and CTL on real sample analysis further proved the accuracy of the developed Co/NPC based CTL method. Additionally, the possible catalytic mechanism of n-hexane on the surface of Co/NPC was investigated, assisting by GC/MS on intermediation products identification. Overall, the Co/NPC based CTL sensor has been confirmed excellent performance in the n-hexane determination, which revealing extensive application in rapid residual n-hexane analysis in edible oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Magnetic nanoparticle-assisted in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of pyrethroid pesticides in urine samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Afshar Mogaddam MR, Mohebbi A, Pazhohan A, Khodadadeian F, Farajzadeh MA. Headspace mode of liquid phase microextraction: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Asfaw AA, Aspromonte J, Wolfs K, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Overview of sample introduction techniques prior to GC for the analysis of volatiles in solid materials. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:214-225. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adissu Alemayehu Asfaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- College of Health Sciences; Department of Pharmacy; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Kris Wolfs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Alexovič M, Dotsikas Y, Bober P, Sabo J. Achievements in robotic automation of solvent extraction and related approaches for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:402-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Heydari R, Hosseini M, Rezaeepour R. Semi-automated salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography to determine three aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chammui Y. Rapid Analysis of some Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Leaching from Baby Milk Feeding Bottles Using SPME and SDME Techniques. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Extraction and preconcentration of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals using dynamic headspace-liquid phase microextraction and their determination by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sghaier L, Vial J, Sassiat P, Thiebaut D, Watiez M, Breton S, Rutledge DN, Cordella CB. An overview of recent developments in volatile compounds analysis from edible oils: Technique-oriented perspectives. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Sghaier
- R&D Center; Lesieur; Coudekerque-Branche France
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8231; PSL Research University; Paris Cedex 05 France
- UMR1145 GENIAL; AgroParisTech; Paris France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8231; PSL Research University; Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Patrick Sassiat
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8231; PSL Research University; Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Didier Thiebaut
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8231; PSL Research University; Paris Cedex 05 France
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Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 1: Approaches based on extractant drop-, plug-, film- and microflow-formation. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:22-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Asl YA, Yamini Y, Seidi S. A novel approach to the consecutive extraction of drugs with different properties via on chip electromembrane extraction. Analyst 2016; 141:311-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lab on chip electromembrane extraction coupled with HPLC was introduced for analysis of betaxolol, naltrexone and nalmefene in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K.N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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14
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Analysis of target volatile compounds related to fishy off-flavor in heated rapeseed oil: A comparative study of different headspace techniques. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zaruba S, Vishnikin AB, Andruch V. Application of solidification of floating organic drop microextraction for inorganic anions: Determination of phosphate in water samples. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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