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Kogianni E, Kouras A, Samara C. Indoor concentrations of PM 2.5 and associated water-soluble and labile heavy metal fractions in workplaces: implications for inhalation health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58983-58993. [PMID: 31927729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 (i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) and the associated water-soluble, dissolved, and labile fractions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cd) were determined in indoor air of twenty workplaces in Alexandroupolis (Northeastern Greece). PM2.5 concentrations exhibited significant variance across the workplaces ranging from 11.5 μg m-3 up to 276 μg m-3. The water-soluble metal concentrations varied between 0.67 ± 2.52 ng m-3 for Co and 27.8 ± 19.1 ng m-3 for Ni exhibiting large variations among the different workplaces. The water-soluble metal fractions were further treated to obtain the labile metal fraction (by binding with Chelex 100-chelating resin) that might represent a higher potential for bioaccessibility than the total water-soluble fraction. The largest labile (chelexed) fractions (48-67% of the corresponding water-soluble concentrations) were found for Cd, Mn, Cu, and Ni, while the labile fractions of Pb, Cr, Co, and Zn were relatively lower (34-42% of the corresponding water-soluble concentrations). Water-soluble and labile concentrations of heavy metals were further used to calculate cancer and non-cancer risks via inhalation of the PM2.5-bound metals. To our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the health risks due to the inhalation of water-soluble and labile metal fractions bound to indoor PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Kogianni
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Kouras
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Mandin C, de Kluizenaar Y, Fossati S, Spinazzè A, Cattaneo A, Mihucz V, Szigeti T, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Kalimeri K, Mabilia R, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Association of subjective health symptoms with indoor air quality in European office buildings: The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:426-439. [PMID: 32966653 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association between the building-related occupants' reported health symptoms and the indoor pollutant concentrations in a sample of 148 office rooms, within the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed in 37 office buildings among eight countries, which included (a) 5-day air sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ozone, and NO2 (b) collection of information from 1299 participants regarding their personal characteristics and health perception at workplace using online questionnaires. Stepwise and multilevel logistic regressions were applied to investigate associations between health symptoms and pollutant concentrations considering personal characteristics as confounders. Occupants of offices with higher pollutant concentrations were more likely to report health symptoms. Among the studied VOCs, xylenes were associated with general (such as headache and tiredness) and skin symptoms, ethylbenzene with eye irritation and respiratory symptoms, a-pinene with respiratory and heart symptoms, d-limonene with general symptoms, and styrene with skin symptoms. Among aldehydes, formaldehyde was associated with respiratory and general symptoms, acrolein with respiratory symptoms, propionaldehyde with respiratory, general, and heart symptoms, and hexanal with general SBS. Ozone was associated with almost all symptom groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Dikaia Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- CSTB-Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Victor Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Krystallia Kalimeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - John Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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Spinazzè A, Campagnolo D, Cattaneo A, Urso P, Sakellaris IA, Saraga DE, Mandin C, Canha N, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Ventura G, de Oliveira Fernandes E, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Hänninen O, Carrer P, Wolkoff P, Cavallo DM, Bartzis JG. Indoor gaseous air pollutants determinants in office buildings-The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:76-87. [PMID: 31593610 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of aldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) indoor air concentrations in a sample of more than 140 office rooms, in the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed, which included (a) the air sampling of aldehydes and VOCs in 37 newly built or recently retrofitted office buildings across 8 European countries in summer and winter and (b) the collection of information on building and offices' characteristics using checklists. Linear mixed models for repeated measurements were applied to identify the main factors affecting the measured concentrations of selected indoor air pollutants (IAPs). Several associations between aldehydes and VOCs concentrations and buildings' structural characteristic or occupants' activity patterns were identified. The aldehyde and VOC determinants in office buildings include building and furnishing materials, indoor climate characteristics (room temperature and relative humidity), the use of consumer products (eg, cleaning and personal care products, office equipment), as well as the presence of outdoor sources in the proximity of the buildings (ie, vehicular traffic). Results also showed that determinants of indoor air concentrations varied considerably among different type of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Patrizia Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Radiotherapy Department, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, University Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Nuno Canha
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor G Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Domenico M Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work is an overview of the oxidative potential (OP) values up to date measured in Italy, with the aim to provide a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The summarized works used the common acellular assays-based dithiothreitol (OPDTT), ascorbic acid (OPAA), glutathione (OPGSH), and 2',7'-dichlorodfluorescein (OPDCFH) assays. The paper describes the association of OP responses with PM chemical composition, the sensitivity of various acellular OP assays to PM components and emission sources, and PM size distribution of the measured OP values. Our synthesis indicates that crustal and transition metals (e.g., Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, and V), secondary ions and carbonaceous components (elemental carbon, EC, organic carbon, OC and water soluble carbon, WSOC) show significant correlations with OP across different urban and rural areas and size ranges. These chemical species are mainly associated with various PM sources, including residual/fuel oil combustion, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosol formation. Although the OP assays are sensitive to the same redox-active species, they differ in the association with PM chemical components. The DDT assay is mainly sensitive to the organic compounds that are mostly accumulated in the fine PM fraction, i.e., tracers of burning sources, and redox active organics associated with other markers of photochemical aging. In contrast, OPAA and OPGSH were mostly responsive to metals, mainly those related to non-exhaust traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sn, Cd, Pb), that are mainly accumulated in the coarse PM. Among the investigated sites, our synthesis shows larger OP values in Trentino region and the Po Valley, that may be explained by the high density of anthropogenic sources, and the orographic and meteorological characteristics, that favor the pollutants accumulation and aerosol photo-oxidative aging.
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Personal Control of the Indoor Environment in Offices: Relations with Building Characteristics, Influence on Occupant Perception and Reported Symptoms Related to the Building—The Officair Project. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Personal control over various indoor environment parameters, especially in the last decades, appear to have a significant role on occupants’ comfort, health and productivity. To reveal this complex relationship, 7441 occupants of 167 recently built or retrofitted office buildings in eight European countries participated in an online survey about personal/health/work data as well as physical/psycho-social information. The relationship between the types of control available over indoor environments and the perceived personal control of the occupants was examined, as well as the combined effect of the control parameters on the perceived comfort using multilevel statistical models. The results indicated that most of the occupants have no or low control on noise. Half of the occupants declared no or low control on ventilation and temperature conditions. Almost one-third of them remarked that they do not have satisfactory levels of control for lighting and shading from sun conditions. The presence of operable windows was shown to influence occupants’ control perception over temperature, ventilation, light and noise. General building characteristics, such as floor number and floor area, office type, etc., helped occupants associate freedom positively with control perception. Combined controlling parameters seem to have a strong relation with overall comfort, as well as with perception regarding amount of privacy, office layout and decoration satisfaction. The results also indicated that occupants with more personal control may have less building-related symptoms. Noise control parameter had the highest impact on the occupants’ overall comfort.
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Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, Spinazzè A, Mandin C, Le Ponner E, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Saraga DE, Sakellaris IA, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Bartzis JG, Kelly FJ. Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter characteristics within office buildings - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:59-67. [PMID: 28228238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the OFFICAIR project, office buildings were investigated across Europe to assess how the office workers are exposed to different particulate matter (PM) characteristics (i.e. PM2.5 mass concentration, particulate oxidative potential (OP) based on ascorbate and reduced glutathione depletion, trace element concentration and total particle number concentration (PNC)) within the buildings. Two offices per building were investigated during the working hours (5 consecutive days; 8h per day) in two campaigns. Differences were observed for all parameters across the office buildings. Our results indicate that the monitoring of the PM2.5 mass concentration in different offices within a building might not reflect the spatial variation of the health relevant PM characteristics such as particulate OP or the concentration of certain trace elements (e.g., Cu, Fe), since larger differences were apparent within a building for these parameters compared to that obtained for the PM2.5 mass concentration in many cases. The temporal variation was larger for almost all PM characteristics (except for the concentration of Mn) than the spatial differences within the office buildings. These findings indicate that repeated or long-term monitoring campaigns are necessary to have information about the temporal variation of the PM characteristics. However, spatial variation in exposure levels within an office building may cause substantial differences in total exposure in the long term. We did not find strong associations between the investigated indoor activities such as printing or windows opening and the PNC values. This might be caused by the large number of factors affecting PNC indoors and outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eline Le Ponner
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom.
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Mandin C, Trantallidi M, Cattaneo A, Canha N, Mihucz VG, Szigeti T, Mabilia R, Perreca E, Spinazzè A, Fossati S, De Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Hänninen O, De Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Wolkoff P, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Assessment of indoor air quality in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:169-178. [PMID: 27866741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The European project OFFICAIR aimed to broaden the existing knowledge regarding indoor air quality (IAQ) in modern office buildings, i.e., recently built or refurbished buildings. Thirty-seven office buildings participated in the summer campaign (2012), and thirty-five participated in the winter campaign (2012-2013). Four rooms were investigated per building. The target pollutants were twelve volatile organic compounds, seven aldehydes, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5). Compared to other studies in office buildings, the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations were lower in OFFICAIR buildings, while the α-pinene and d-limonene concentrations were higher, and the aldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5 concentrations were of the same order of magnitude. When comparing summer and winter, significantly higher concentrations were measured in summer for formaldehyde and ozone, and in winter for benzene, α-pinene, d-limonene, and nitrogen dioxide. The terpene and 2-ethylhexanol concentrations showed heterogeneity within buildings regardless of the season. Considering the average of the summer and winter concentrations, the acetaldehyde and hexanal concentrations tended to increase by 4-5% on average with every floor level increase, and the nitrogen dioxide concentration tended to decrease by 3% on average with every floor level increase. A preliminary evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential irritative and respiratory health effects was performed. The 5-day median and maximum indoor air concentrations of formaldehyde and ozone did not exceed their respective WHO air quality guidelines, and those of acrolein, α-pinene, and d-limonene were lower than their estimated thresholds for irritative and respiratory effects. PM2.5 indoor concentrations were higher than the 24-h and annual WHO ambient air quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | | | | | - Nuno Canha
- Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB), Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | | | - Rosanna Mabilia
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Perreca
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yvonne De Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Otto Hänninen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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A two-dimensional sensor based on dielectric barrier discharge molecular optical emission and chemiluminescence for discrimination analysis of volatile halohydrocarbons. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison of AAS, EDXRF, ICP-MS and INAA performance for determination of selected heavy metals in HFO ashes. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, Cavallo D, Spinazzè A, Saraga DE, Sakellaris IA, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen EJM, Hänninen O, Peltonen M, Calzolai G, Lucarelli F, Mandin C, Bartzis JG, Záray G, Kelly FJ. Oxidative potential and chemical composition of PM2.5 in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:324-33. [PMID: 27128717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the OFFICAIR project, indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected in office buildings across Europe in two sampling campaigns (summer and winter). The ability of the particles to deplete physiologically relevant antioxidants (ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH)) in a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid, i.e., oxidative potential (OP), was assessed. Furthermore, the link between particulate OP and the concentration of the PM constituents was investigated. The mean indoor PM2.5 mass concentration values were substantially lower than the related outdoor values with a mean indoor/outdoor PM2.5 mass concentration ratio of 0.62 and 0.61 for the summer and winter campaigns respectively. The OP of PM2.5 varied markedly across Europe with the highest outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) (% antioxidant depletion/m(3) air) values obtained for Hungary, while PM2.5 collected in Finland exhibited the lowest values. Seasonal variation could be observed for both indoor and outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) with higher mean values during winter. The indoor/outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) ratios were less than one with 4 and 17 exceptions out of the 40 cases respectively. These results indicate that indoor air is generally less oxidatively challenging than outdoors. Correlation analysis revealed that trace elements play an important role in determining OP, in particular, the Cu content. Indoor air chemistry might affect OP since weaker correlations were obtained for indoor PM2.5. Our findings also suggest that office workers may be exposed to health relevant PM constituents to a different extent within the same building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J M Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Peltonen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Gyula Záray
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Silva FS, Godoi RHM, auler RT, André PAD, Saldiva PHN, Grieken RV, Marchi MRRD. Elemental Composition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Araraquara City (Southeast Brazil) during Seasons with and without Sugar Cane Burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2015.65041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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